Assessment Of Mental Health Counseling - 838 Words

Assessment in Mental Health Counseling Starting from the day that we come into the world, we begin to develop personal â€Å"pieces† of a puzzle and as we grow we try as we might to â€Å"fit† these pieces into our own individual and unique puzzle. As this time progresses, we sometimes find that some of the pieces will â€Å"fit,† but we also find at times that no matter how hard we try, some pieces never â€Å"fit,†, even when we try to force them in place. In fact, some people say that when we try to force these pieces into the puzzle, it can result in a challenge(s) that can last a very long time unless we seek someone who can help us fit these pieces into the puzzle instead of trying to place by ourselves. Luckily, there is someone who can help, and that someone is trained to assess a client correctly in order to gain enough information to help a client turn their lives around. Having a solid understanding of the client’s background is a must if a counselor is to help that client with his/her issues. There are certain times in a person’s life when they need some help finding the pieces they may have lost along their personal journey. A good counselor who is well trained and understands the assessment role of mental health counseling can seek out information that is needed in order to help a client find a piece, or pieces of the puzzle, that the clients been missing. The assessment process can be the most important role of the counseling that will take place when counselor meetsShow MoreRelatedAssessment Of Mental Health Counseling1268 Words   |  6 PagesAssessment in Mental Health Counseling The day that we come into the world, we start to develop pieces of a personal puzzle that throughout the rest of our lives we attempt to â€Å"fit† into our individual and unique puzzle. As time progresses, we seem to find that some of the pieces may â€Å"fit† very well into place, but we also find that some of the pieces are hard to â€Å"fit† into place, even when we try to force the piece in its place. In fact, some may say that when we try to force pieces into our personalRead MoreEssay about Case Conceptualization and Treatment Planning652 Words   |  3 PagesAssessment Case conceptualization explains the nature of a client’s problem and how they develop such problem ( Hersen, Porzelius, p.3, 2002) In counseling, assessment is viewed as a systematic gathering of information to address a client’s presenting concerns effectively. The assessment practice provides diagnostic formulation and counseling plans, and aids to identify assets that could help the client cope better with concern that they are current. Assessment is present as a guide for treatmentRead MoreAssessment and Diagnosis Essay examples915 Words   |  4 PagesAssessment and Diagnosis The purpose of this paper is to provide a synopsis of the importance of assessment and diagnosis in the counseling process. In the first two sections, the roles of assessment and diagnosis as they relate to case conceptualization and treatment planning will be explored. The potential implications of misdiagnosis will be the focus of the final section. Assessment Becoming acquainted with a potential client’s history, personality and present concerns is necessary in formingRead MoreApplication Of Feminist Therapy With Immigrant Women1453 Words   |  6 Pagesprovides them with the tools, skills and resources to make personal and societal change. Application of Feminist Theory with Immigrant Women Using Feminist Therapy with Immigrant Women Feminist counseling is a politically informed, client centered approach to addressing mental health concerns and positions treatment within the social and cultural context. Developed to address the systemic oppression and discrimination that comes from gender specific obstacles and stressors, feminist theoryRead MoreEvaluation Of Counseling As Assessment And Diagnosis1116 Words   |  5 PagesWhiston in section three of her book provided an in-depth analysis of applications and issues of assessments in counseling as assessment and diagnosis are vital concepts in the counseling process. It therefore becomes imperative for differing counselors to understand formal diagnostic procedures and the fact that â€Å"diagnosis is the prevalence of individuals with significant psychological difficulties† (p. 296). Diagnostic systems are used to provide professionals with a general language governingRead MoreHistory of Counseling Essay1131 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ History of Counseling Lead to Multidisciplinary Teams COUN5004 Survey of Research in Human Development for Professional Counselors History of Counseling Leading to Multidisciplinary Teams Counseling is a relatively new profession which has transformed over time from treating mental illnesses to providing educational guidance to counseling with a variety of specializations. Pistole summarizes by stating that counselors, now, aim to, â€Å"contribute to the vitality and vigor andRead MorePsychopharmacology and Mental Health Counseling740 Words   |  3 PagesPsychopharmacology and Mental Health Counseling Samantha Jackson Walden University Psychopharmacology and Mental Health Counseling Kaut and Dicknson (2007) states â€Å"a growing challenge for mental health counselors is to understand the potential benefits and limitations of many different types of drugs â€Å"(.p204-205). Drugs are prescribed to have an effect on the brain and behavior of clients. Mental health counselors are advised to be trained in how psychotropic medications can benefit and beRead MorePrinciples of Mental Health1258 Words   |  5 PagesUNDERSTANDING Principles of Mental Health The World Health Organization (2012) defines mental health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease. WHO establishes the connection of mental health to the promotion of mental well-being, the prevention of mental disorders and the treatment of mental disorders and the rehabilitation of those afflicted with these disorders (WHO). The Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Programs orRead MoreThe Experience Of A Professional Mental Health Counselor1356 Words   |  6 Pagesto a Professional Mental Health Counselor was very informative on October 19, 2015, I had a chance to meet K.W. she is a License Professional Counselor in Mental Health that holds her (LCPC) for the last ten (10) years. Ms. K.W. also holds her Therapist license in the arena of counseling for the last past six (6) years were her services of care is Mental Health, and Addiction Counseling were her population is men and women that struggles with addiction problems and mental health that is called co-occurringRead MoreMy Life I Have Not Always Chosen The Right Career Path1604 Words   |  7 Pagesquit working or take night classes: it was not an easy decision to make providing, that I was a single mother with responsibilities, but I somehow decided to quit my job. Meanwhile, I decided to pursue a career in teaching that eventually led to Counseling/Psychology. I knew this career path would not be easy; there would be obstacles and challenges that would come my way. However, I was determined to succeed at whatever the cost would be. My first choice was teaching so I searched for a school that

The Bill Of Rights And The Amendment Of The Constitution

In 1976, The Declaration of Independence was signed by Thomas Jefferson and included the Bill of rights that provided us with Freedom (Schweikart, 2004). The bill of rights was established so each citizen is equally treated and allowed to share their idea and not be disgraced for it (Bodenhamer, 1993). The first ten amendments to the constitution of the United States established basic American civil liberties (Schweikart, 2004). The Bill of rights and the amendments of the constitution were written about the same time by the same people. The Bill of Rights and amendments both focused on limitation of state tyranny. The Bill of rights has been used for defining civil liberties in their own constitution (Bill of Rights, 2015). The Bill of rights is a document consisting of the constitution’s first ten amendments (Yero, 2006). What is a bill of rights? The Bill of Rights are sections of the constitution, which include the first ten amendments of the constitution. On September 25, 1789, Congress transmitted to the state Legislatures twelve proposed amendments to the Constitution, Numbers three through twelve were adopted by the states, later name the Bill of Rights (Schweikart, 2004). The Bill of rights plays a central role in America’s law and government. The Bill of rights lists specific freedoms that the government cannot threaten or take away (U.S. Bill of Rights, 2015). When the constitution was written, many states already had a bill of right established (Yero, 2006).Show MoreRelatedThe Bill Of Rights By James Madison And Influenced By George Mason1078 Words   |  5 Pageswhich the bill of rights was written by James Madison and influenced by George Mason was the United State of America in the late seventeen hundreds. The bill of rights has many differences from an amendment. The constitution is the bases of the bill of rights. The federalist and the anti federalist had different views in which the bill of rights came into play. Many people in the United States did not want a government that reflected the England government. One will look at what is the bill of rightsRead MoreUnited States Of America Constitution845 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States of America Constitution The United States of America is by far the most successful Republic governed country in the world and has managed to survive for over 223 years. The success can be contributed to the foundation that the farmers created, which is the United States Constitution. The framers knew that with time the needs of the people would evolve due to changes in society. That being said, they knew that the regulations in the Constitution would need to be adjusted or expandedRead MoreHis/ 301 Bill of Rights Week 3859 Words   |  4 PagesBILL OF RIGHTS AND AMENDMENTS PAPER 1 Individual Assignment Bill of Rights and Amendments Paper April 2, 2013 HIS/301 Mr. De La Peà ±a BILL OF RIGHTS AND AMENDMENTS PAPER 2 Bill of Rights and Amendments Paper The United States Constitution was ratified and made law September 17, 1789. For Americas yet-to-be history the Framers knew the Constitution had to have a way to grow and change with the people, and their needs. This paper will coverRead MoreCreation Of The Bill Of Rights920 Words   |  4 PagesCreation of the Bill of Rights and Amendments Colonists longed for a different type of government before, during, and after the Revolutionary War. Before the war, the power stayed within the hands of the King. Many years later, a document called the Articles of Confederation was created. The creation of the articles was one of the strategies taken to merge the colonies in becoming one nation. The articles were supposed to help the governmental problems at this point in time. However, this particularRead MoreGeneral George Washington And His Continental Army Had1643 Words   |  7 Pagesleaders and citizens on the same page is a constitution that informs every american citizen, past, present, and future what this country was founded upon. The Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments of the United States Constitution, written by the fourth president of the United States James Madison. This paper will venture into each of the ten amendments that structure the Bill of Rights. The amendments grant all citizens certain rights. The Bill of Rights was published in 1791. Although it was writtenRead MoreThe United States Bill Of Rights882 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States Bill of Rights was created in September 25, 1789 and ratified December 15, 1791. The Bill of Rights are the first ten amendments to the Constitution that were established to defend our rights as individuals and as American citizens. The Bill of Rights describes the rights of its people. The first four articles of the amendments deal specifically with the balance of power between the federal government and state government. There were some people who opposed to the Constitution because theyRead MoreThe Rights Of The Citizens Of A Country973 Words   |  4 PagesA bill of rights is essentially a list of the most important rights to the citizens of a country. It is also known as a declaration of rights, or in some countries it is a charter of rights. The main purpose is that it cannot be modified or repealed by a country’s legislature through normal precedent, thus it protects the rights of man against transgression from public officials and private citizens. All countries with legal and political systems have some sort of legal protection system that protectsRead MoreThe Bill of Rights: The Most Important Documents in American History1579 Words   |  6 PagesThe Bill of Rights is one of the most important documents in American history. Bills of Rights have been included in official documents for hundred of years; the Magna Carta, signed by King John in 1215, was known to contain provisions to p rotect certain rights within his kingdom (History of the Bill of Rights, 2012). While there was much debate regarding the inclusion of a Bill of Rights into the Constitution, Congress did not approve the inclusion of twelve Amendments, or Twelve Articles, untilRead MoreBill of Rights and Amendments1353 Words   |  6 PagesBill of Rights and Amendments Bill of Rights and Amendments The United States Constitution was recognized to Americans as a vague statement in clarifying the privileges and the rights of individuals and centralizing the power within the government itself. With the passing of the Bill of Rights and the first ten amendments, it grants the people to what is said to be their â€Å"natural rights† following additional rights that have significantly changed our society. Amendments and Constitution Read MoreThe Bill Of Rights Of The United States Constitution914 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is a bill of rights? What is an amendment? How are the different? A bill of rights is a formality such as the Declaration of Independence and it is the outline of what the citizens feel their born rights are as people of a union. An amendment is the changing or altering of a legal or civil document. Specifically amendments in the United States Constitution include the changing or detailing of what the people need. These two phrases differ in what their purposes are. The bill of rights was set

Decision Making And Conflict Resolution - 1439 Words

There is no more challenging, nor rewarding job, than being a Catholic school principal. It can also be difficult at times, especially when students cross the line of good behavior, or even worse, when a parent crosses that line. During these first several years as principal, I have had the privilege of overseeing the faith formation and academic development of a wonderful group of young men and women. I have learned as much from them as I hope they have learned from me, and I am honored that God has called me to serve Him in this way. During the course of this paper, I will share with you my vision of the role of principal. To do this, we will examine theories on leadership, organization and motivation. We will discuss instituting change, creating a process for decision-making and conflict resolution. Most importantly, we will consider ways to integrate Catholicism and spirituality into our roles as principals. Throughout this paper, I hope you find something you can use, and modify, to fit your needs. Leadership Theories Leadership is an awesome responsibility. It is also exhausting, and rewarding, and above all else, a privilege. Individuals who want to be principals take classes, participate in internships, acquire a certain skill set and develop certain abilities, all in the hope of being an effective leader, and a good principal. Effective leaders exhibit what Kouzes and Posner describe as â€Å"The Five Practices of Exemplary Leadership.† These practices includeShow MoreRelatedDecision Making And Conflict Resolution1416 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the course of this paper, I will share with you my vision of the role of principal. To do this, we will examine theories on leadership, organization and motivation. We will discuss instituting change, creating a process for decision-making and conflict resolution. Most importantly, we will consider ways to integrate Catholicism and spirituality into our roles as principals. Throughout this paper, I hope you find something you can use, and modify, to fit your needs. Leadership Theories LeadershipRead MoreMeetings Or Teams Influence Collaborative Working And Cohesion During Decision Making And Conflict Resolution1398 Words   |  6 Pagesmeetings or teams influence collaborative working and cohesiveness during decision making and conflict resolution. In order for the researcher to determine what variables are associated with increased collaboration and efficiency, primary data, secondary data, and exploratory studies should be used to develop an appropriate research question. Collaboration and efficiency are both desired characteristics within life and in the workplace. According to Proverbs 27:17 (NIV) â€Å"As iron sharpens iron,Read MoreDispute Resolution Processes Essay1240 Words   |  5 PagesDispute Resolution Processes Wherever there is a human-interaction, conflict is virtually unpreventable. For-instance, some conflict may well erupt a dispute in any structure of relationships, and other perhaps resulting in extremely compound international confrontation and hostility. It isnt that they cant see the solution. It is that they cant see the problem (G. K. Chesterton). Consequently, dispute resolution processes have been developed to manage and intervene in these types ofRead MoreConflict Resolution Strategies1530 Words   |  7 PagesRunning header: CONFLICT RESOLUTION STRATEGIES Conflict Resolution Strategies Wendy L. Decker University of Phoenix Conflict Resolution Strategies In this writing, we will explore and explain strategies of conflict resolution and, encourage teams, individuals and society as a whole to use some of these ideas for their own resolution purposes. â€Å"In many cases, effective conflict resolution skills can make the difference between positive and negativeRead MoreInterpersonal Communication And Conflict Resolution1439 Words   |  6 Pagesresearch resources that helped me understand my interpersonal communication topic, Conflict Management, and how theories, relevant skills and strategies can play a big role throughout the resolution and frequency of conflict among my peers. Personality Types and Development of Adolescents’ Conflict with Friends This study aimed to examine the developmental pattern of adolescents’ conflict frequency and conflict resolution with their best friends, and differences in these developmental changes betweenRead MoreCreative Decision-Making1280 Words   |  5 PagesCreative Management Creative Management Introduction Conflict resolution is a key to organizations continuation; not properly resolving conflicts can lead to persistence of a problem caused by the conflict. Various reasons can cause conflicts, and they should be properly addressed. In organizations, managers should use evidence-based practice during practice of their duties; this prevents unwise decisions. Creative decision-making can involve using evidence-based practice, to provide efficientRead MoreProblem Solving Techniques Essay examples778 Words   |  4 PagesProblem solving techniques used when making group decisions. Identify the sources of conflict in learning team: competition, differences in objectives; values, attitudes, and perceptions: disagreements about member’s role requirements: work activities; and individual approaches: and breakdowns in communication. Analyze the conflict situation by answering the following questions: Who is in conflict? What is the source of conflict? What is the level of conflict? Dev elop a plan: avoidance, smoothingRead MoreEssay on Conflict Diagnosis1102 Words   |  5 PagesConflict Diagnosis Conflict can be found every day in the news. Whether it be in a newspaper, on the Internet, or on the television there is evidence of conflicts over the media. The resolutions are not always clear and it depends on whether a formal form of mediation is used as to whether or not the public will hear of the resolution that came to pass from the conflict. This paper will take a look at one story found on the internet recently that talks about a conflict and how its resolutionRead MoreManaging and Resolving Conflicts1514 Words   |  7 PagesMANAGING AND RESOLVING CONFLICTS Introduction Many atimes when the term conflict is used, the association made is with physical violence. Though, news media and other sources often use conflict and physical violence interchangeably. The concept of conflict is far more expansive. In many cases, conflict in the workplace just seems to be a fact of life. We’ve all seen situations where different people with different goals and needs have come into conflict. The fact that conflict exists is not necessarilyRead MoreA Brief Note On Alternative Dispute Resolution And Other Forms Of Helping Professions1462 Words   |  6 PagesAlternative Dispute Resolution Conflict resolution is used in various aspects of counseling and other forms of helping professions. It is vital that conflicts between opposing parties are managed in order for progress to be achieved. By maintaining a controlled environment during the negotiation process, the two parties will often be able to come to a resolution of their differences. Sometimes it can be difficult for two parties to work together without the help of a third party to assist in the

Essay on United States Foreign Policy Following World War II

Though the United States was the military power of the world prior to World War II, its foreign policy was one of detachment. The government was determined not to get involved in other countries affairs barring unusual circumstances. A World War provided big enough means to become involved, as many Americans became enraged with the military ambitions of Japan and Germany. Following World War II, Soviet leader Stalin initially agreed to a democratic government in Poland and to free elections in other Soviet-occupied countries, but he ignored his own promises. This caused the United States and Britain to ignore Stalin’s wish of taking a hard line with Germany in settlement talks. The Soviets formed the Socialist Unity party in East†¦show more content†¦The Soviet Union was not the only nation in the postwar era to enact a communist platform. Mao-Tse-Tung and the communists drove Chiang-Kai-Shek’s Nationalists to Taiwan from mainland China. The United Nations did not admit this government until October 25, 1971 and the United States did not recognize the People’s Republic of China until 1979. Korea was temporarily divided into a Soviet occupied North Korea and an American occupied South Korea. These two countries supported two different Korean governments and when the secretary of state Dean Acheson declared that Korea was not inside â€Å"the United States’ sphere of interest† (Stranges, 195), North Korea attacked South Korea believing that the United States would not defend the democratic government of the south. The United Nations came to the backing of the south, which prompted China to send troops because they did not want the United States and South Korea to dominate the Korean peninsula. The war stalled at the 38th parallel in early 1951 and a 151 mile wide demilitarized zone currently divides the two sides. Another incident with China occurred in 1954 when China began bombing Quemoy and Matsu, two small rocky islands 10 miles off the coast of China. The United States became involved by signing the Formosa Resolution in January of 1955. The resolution guaranteed to protect the twoShow MoreRelatedAs Senator Arthur Vandenberg Famously Stated In 1947, â€Å"We1579 Words   |  7 Pagesthe water’s edge.† Vandenberg’s declaration suggests that domestic policy differences should not affect how the United States conducts itself abroad. This notion is especially relevant in understanding the discrepancies – or lack thereof – between foreign and domestic policy in the modern United States. Since its founding, the United States has prided itself on its exceptionalism, with many of its leaders endorsing a â€Å"foreign policy driven more by domestic values than by the vagaries of internationalRead MoreThe United States Trade Policy1741 Words   |  7 PagesSinc e the early 1930s, tariff reduction has been the prevalent theme of United States trade policy. In the future, economic historians will put an emphasis on the way the liberalization of trade over the past forty to sixty years has molded this particular trade policy. Since 1930, tariffs have been gradually reduced to roughly twenty percent of the regular level they were back then. This is a direct result of a sequence of eight multilateral negotiations and around thirty bilateral agreements. HoweverRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union1122 Words   |  5 Pages The Cold War was a state of political hostility between the U.S and the Soviet bloc, the most powerful nations in the world. The two countries fought together as allies in World War II but toward the end of the War the two nations competing ideologies and visions of the post War prevented them from working together. The Cold War was by far the biggest threat to human existence the world has ever seen, although their was never any declaration of War between the two competing nations, the SovietRead MoreThe United States Foreign Policy1667 Words   |  7 PagesAs Kelly Anderson’s Foreign Policy Analyst, the following memo will address three areas of the United States’ foreign policy. The U.S. has gone through may transition when it comes to its foreign policy. The United States has been an isolationist, neutralist, and internationalist country from the year it was founded to now. The executive branch and the president apply their power to influence and change the nation’s foreign policy. There are specific departments within the Executive Office of theRead MoreAmerica, An Ever Changing World Superpower1504 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica, an Ever-Changing World Superpower America has been viewed in a wide variety of ways on the global stage. From the Progressive Era to containment, the view of the United States as a world power has changed dramatically. The country went through a large process of adopting an isolationist policy during the Progressive Era. This isolationist view was also present pre and post-World War I. After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, America took a bold stance and using its industrial power pushed itselfRead MoreThe Policy Of Neutrality During World War II1555 Words   |  7 PagesOn September 5, at its outset, the United States declared and maintained its policy of neutrality in the Second World War. Following ongoing atrocities committed by the Axis powers, however, President Franklin D. Roosevelt felt compelled to limit their strength by freezing their U.S. assets and restricting trade of certain goods. Soon after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, Congress unanimously declared war on Japan. Days later, the rest of the Axis powers, including Nazi Germany, Italy, and their smallerRead MoreWorld War II : The Great People s War1529 Words   |  7 PagesWorld War II (The Great People’s War) was of deep importance to the formation of today’s international relations system, however the following periods after this war between the greatest powers in the world are also of great significance. The analysis of those periods and their impact on world history will be the first approach of this assessment. It is important to clarify that these periods cannot be annualized as isolated events that happened in History, but related events that in a way or anotherRead MoreHispaniola Essay1135 Words   |  5 PagesNevertheless, the United States intervened in other Latin American countries, including the Dominican Republic and Haiti, to prevent social uprisings which threatened to de-stabilize the island of Hispaniola. In 1913 a threat of a revolution in the Dominican Republic brought an American squadron to the c oast. Tensions began to subside until May of 1916, when the next revolution occurred. The U.S. navy landed sailors, while the commanding Admiral threatened to bombard the capital, Santo Domingo, unlessRead MoreThe United States Outlook on Foreign Policy Affairs Essay881 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States Outlook on Foreign Policy Affairs The United States outlook on foreign policy affairs after World War II was influenced by the fear of communist expansionism rather than establishing foreign relations with each country. The U.S. found itself with a conflict between its profound belief in the constitution and democracy and a need for domestic and national security. In 1947, the National Security Act authorized the creation of the Central Intelligence Agency. Its role was toRead MoreThe Cold War : Communism And Capitalism997 Words   |  4 Pages The Cold War When the cold war began, no one thought that it would last as long as it did. Many people thought the war was caused by fighting, and there were some people that thought it was caused by the conflicts of communism and capitalism, so who was right? Well we only know what we read in our history books which says that it was caused by the conflicts of communism and capitalism. Was this the real reason for the cold war? In my essay I will give details about the cold war and tell why

The Environement and It’s Problems Free Essays

Essay The Environment and its problems The environment is the place that surrounds us. It is a gift of nature and it is the natural world of water, land, air and change. The environment is what we call home. We will write a custom essay sample on The Environement and It’s Problems or any similar topic only for you Order Now Did you know that every day the environment is somehow getting damaged or destroyed? There are many examples of environmental problems that affect our environment. E. g. global warming There are also several ways humans effect our environment. For example the removal of fish from the oceans and timber from tropical forests. There are so many new things to learn about the environment and so many ways to take action for our eco-system by protecting it, why wait? Impressed? Read on to learn about the environment and what you can do to protect it. Let’s get started! There are several environmental problems that we need to take action for. They all affect the world and harm the eco-system. Some of the environmental problems in the world are acid rain, air pollution, energy, global warming, hazardous waste, pollution, and smog. Some of these problems are man-made and some of these problems are natural disasters. Environmental pollution is the biggest problem on Earth today. It is true our trees are getting cut down rapidly and the earth is getting warmer but if pollution continues our earth will fell like a boiling desert or covered with seawater. There are three types of pollution which are air pollution, sound pollution and water pollution. Air pollution is when smog is in the air and it’s hard for us to breathe. Sound pollution is when there’s such a big noise by a vehicle that sometimes people lose their hearing. That is why we should walk or ride a bike anywhere close to where you are and a mile distance. Water pollution is when the water gets polluted with waste and chemicals There are also many politicians who have done something to help the environment. For example, Theodore Roosevelt. Theodore Roosevelt was the 26th president of the United States of America and was a politician and conservationist. He is known for setting aside land for national forests, establishing wildlife refuges, developing the farmlands of the American West, and advocating protection of natural resources. Theodore Roosevelt is a strong role model for environmentalists of the future. He used his political skills to influence people and to help the cause of conservation, consistently focusing on the state the environment and on its effect on future generations. Creating a future in which the environment is clean is a challenging task. Managing the environment involves support from governments, organizations and your community. It may appear that environmental problems are too hard to take care of but the decisions we make, the actions we take and the words we speak influence the decisions that we make about the environment. There are many ways in which you can adapt your daily life to think more about the future of the environments and wildlife. Saving energy, conserving resources, and recycling are just a few ways you could make a difference. The most important thing to think about is the choices you make related to the environment. One of the things your school can do is become an eco-school! Ontario EcoSchools is an environmental educational program for grades K-12 that helps school communities help kids become environmentally responsible citizens and reduce the ecological footprint of schools. Ontario EcoSchools’ resources offer an environmental perspective to the choices we make in operating our schools and in planning classroom programs based on the Ontario curriculum. It consists of four components: ecological literacy| waste minimization| energy conservation| school ground greening| The leaf within each figure symbolizes thinking and acting with the environment in mind. It also visually connects the four areas, a reminder that the environment is very important. Here are some ways you can take care of the environment. 1. Reduce your driving (walk, bike, ride, take public transport, or carpool). Choose a more fuel efficient car. 2. Don’t leave your TV, computers, and DVD/VCD players on standby; it uses more electricity than the little red LED light! 3. Choose more energy-efficient appliances, especially major ones like refrigerators, air conditioners and water heaters. 4. Recycle everything you can; newspapers, cans, glass bottles and jars, motor oil, scrap metal, etc. 5. Don’t use electrical appliances for things you can easily do by hand, such as opening cans. 6. Plug off your cell phone charger when charging is completed. 7. Re-use bread bags and the bags you bring your produce home in. . Store food in re-usable containers, instead of plastic wrap or aluminum foil. 9. Take unwanted, re-usable items to a charitable organization or thrift shop. 10. Don’t leave water running needlessly. Save some of your washing machine water. Gargle your mouth with a cup of water instead. 11. Set your air conditioner temperature to 24-26C instead of below 23C. 12. Turn off the lights, TV, or other electrical appliances when you are out. 13. Fill a 1. 5/2L drink plastic bottle and leave it inside the Water Closet; this will save you that same amount every time you flush the toilet. 4. Do not use the water heater on a hot afternoon! Use cold water in the washer whenever possible. 15. Print or copy on both sides of the paper. (Plus use the other side of this paper. ) The environment, the Earth, is our home. It is where we live, breathe, and eat. It is very important so I think we should take really good care of it and protect it! Remember, we can all take action for this by even doing little things that will help. E. g. recycling! I enjoyed writing this essay. I learned many new things that I didn’t know before and I hope you have too! Also, remember to keep the Earth clean as much as possible. â€Å"Do what you can, with what you have, where you are. † Theodore Roosevelt Bibliography:1. Ontario EcoSchools. (2002). Retrieved from www. ontarioecoschools. org2. Theodore Roosevelt. (1999). Retrieved from www. library. thinkquest. org/26026/People/theodore_roosevelt. html3. Environmental problems. (1999). Retrieved from www. library. thinkquest. org/26026/Environmental_Problems/environmental_problems. html4. Bowden, Rob. Environments. Miami: KidHaven Press, 2004. Print. | | How to cite The Environement and It’s Problems, Essay examples

Free Sample on Specialization And Economics For Business

Question: Discuss about the Specialization and Economics for Business. Answer: Introduction According to Case , Fair and Oster (2012), demand and supply are the most important and basic economics terms, that are used in every aspect. Demand states a consumer's willingness to pay for a particular goods or service. According to the law of demand, demand for a good or service increases with the decrease in price and decreases with the increase in price, ceteris paribus. This depicts the inverse relationship between the demand and price of the commodity. Supply deals with the total amount of good or service that a supplier or the producer is willing to sell. The law of supply states that the supply of a good or service increases with an increase in price and decreases with a decrease in price, ceteris paribus. This illustrates the positive relation between price and supply of a good or service. As stated by Yang and Ng (2015), to achieve equilibrium in a market, there should be an interaction between the demand and supply of the particular good. The place where the two curves w ould intersect would be known as the equilibrium point. The corresponding price is the equilibrium price, and the quantity is the equilibrium quantity. In this essay, a case study would be analyzed, based on the hike in the price of goat meat in Australia. A detailed structure of its demand and supply of the Meat And Livestock Industry Of Australia (MLA) would be considered. It would be seen how the difference in the demand and supply of the product creates a gap of excess demand in the economy that is overcome by raising the price. Analysis As per Mla.com.au.(2016), carcass prices have risen to $5.80 per kilogram. This accounts for almost 30 percent of hike in the price than a year ago. This price hike is the case of excess demand for these hardy outback mammal over its supply. Australia is one of the largest producers of commercial livestock and a leader in the export of read meat and livestock. The total value of this industry is A$17 billion. According to ABC Rural (2016), as its a leading exporter, the industry has to meet the demands both domestically and internationally. 95% of the total production of livestock is used in the export industry. 50% of the meat is exported to U.S whereas, other 50% is exported to other countries including to South East Asia, parts of China, the Caribbean, and even the Middle East. Australians consume an average of 40.9kg of red meat each year. Meeting the demand of the sectors, with a tight supply forces the price to rise. Figure 1 : Demand and Supply scenario of red meat in Australia (Source : As created by author) In figure 1, D and S are the demand and supply curves of goat meat in Australia respectively. Last year the price of meat was 4.46 A$ per kilogram. The providers were unable to fulfill the demand of the domestic demand for meat. This led to a gap of excess demand in the industry. At that price, the quantity demanded was QD1 whereas the quantity supplied was QS1. Thereby creation an excess demand gap of QS1-QD1. To overcome this gap, the cost of meat was raised this year to 5.80 A$ per kilogram. Increase the supply of meat to overcome the huge demand at one go, was not possible. With the raise in price, the demand for meat decreases to QD2, thereby following an inverse relation with the price of the product. Whereas, some providers to enjoy such a rise in revenue, raise their supply to QS2. This reduces excess demand gap to some extent. The new excess demand is QS2 to QD2, which is lesser in comparison to the difference earlier. It has been forecasted by the MLA, that this increase in price would continue in the forthcoming months until an equilibrium point price Pe is achieved (Petroff 2013). The main reasons for the tight supply of the meat and livestock industry of Australia are the export industry, where the primary produce of the country is being exported. Thereby, leaving a mere 5% of the total produce for domestic consumption. The kidding process, of this industry, takes time to raise the supply, as there is a minimum weight attribute of every goat that is to be fulfilled. The cattle raiser needs to raise his stock for a given period, thereby, blocking the ways of increasing the supply rapidly. Still, some raisers have started supplying the meat without fulfilling the minimum weight perspective, to meet the demand. The goal of the firm is to attain maximum profits (Bowen and Sosa 2014). According to Henchion et al. (2014)Demand side faced by the industry is affected by the quality of meat produces in the country. The production is done on a big scale thereby been counted as one of the leading countries in production of livestock. It is also the leader in exporting red meat. These attributes favor the demand to increase day by day. Australians are meat lovers, their consumption of meat accounts for an average of 40-kilogram meat per year. This ensures that the tastes and preferences of the people have been fixed for many years. With the increase in price to fulfill the gap, the demand decreases to some extent, showing the inverse relationship between price and demand. There are least substitutes of red meat in the country; hence there is no change in the demand pattern. Conclusion The aim of this essay to analyze the aspects of demand and supply of a product. This has been done by examining the state of red meat industry in Australia. According to the facts stated by the Meat and Livestock Australia (MLA), it has been noticed that there is a sharp rise in the rice of meat, due to the lack of supply of the product. This unavailability of fulfilling the demand of meat lovers is because of the increase in demand both domestically and internationally. The suppliers are unable to raise their stock at the current level, thereby creating an excess demand gap in the country. To overcome such demand, prices are inflated, thus focussing on the negative relation of price to the demand of the product and the positive relationship of price with its supply. Measures are taken to overcome the supply need, by encouraging more producers to raise goats as a long-term sustainable option for their business. By maintaining perfect records on the goat population, harvesting rate of the wild population, percentage of goats being slaughtered regarding those being maintained, it would help them to forecast the supply in the coming years. Till then the demand could be only reduced by increasing the price of meat. References ABC Rural. (2016). Goat meat price hits all-time high. [online] Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-06-02/nrn-rural-goat-price-hike/7470260 [Accessed 24 Aug. 2016]. ABC Rural. (2016). Goat meat prices at record levels as international demand grows for Australian product. [online] Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-08-03/goat-meat-prices-at-record-levels-as-international-demand-grows/7686870 [Accessed 24 Aug. 2016]. Bowen, W.G. and Sosa, J.A., 2014.Prospects for faculty in the arts and sciences: A study of factors affecting demand and supply, 1987 to 2012. Princeton University Press. Case, K.E., Fair, R.C. and Oster, S.M., 2012.Principles of economics. Prentice Hall,. Henchion, M., McCarthy, M., Resconi, V.C. and Troy, D., 2014. Meat consumption: Trends and quality matters.Meat Science,98(3), pp.561-568. Mla.com.au. (2016). Homepage. [online] Available at: https://www.mla.com.au/ [Accessed 24 Aug. 2016]. Petroff, J., 2013. Demand and Supply. Yang, X. and Ng, Y.K., 2015.Specialization and economic organization: A new classical microeconomic framework(Vol. 215). Elsevier.

Legal Aspects of International Trade for Philippines v. China

Question: Write about theLegal Aspects of International Trade for Philippines v. China. Answer: Introduction The South China Sea Arbitration case or as is fully known as the case of Philippines v. China (PCA case number 201319) was a case which was brought against the Peoples republic of China by the Republic of the Philippines. This arbitration case was raised under the UNCLOS, i.e., United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seas Annex VII with regards to the claims made by the defendant regarding the nine-dotted line and certain other issues in the South China Sea (AMTI, 2016). In 2013, it was declared by China that it would not take part in any arbitration and even published a white paper in 2014 to elaborate upon the taken position. The 15 submissions of the Philippines were taken by the arbitral tribunal as they ruled that they indeed had the jurisdiction over this case. Ultimately, the ruling was given in the favor of Philippines in 2016 (Permanent Court of Arbitration, 2017). In the following parts, this very case has been discussed to present a conclusive summary of the case. Factual Background A complaint was filed in 2013 by Philippines after the control of a reef was taken over by China, which was located just around 140 miles from the coast of Philippine. China had been accused of contravening the international law as they interfered with the fishing, endangered the ships and also failed to safeguard the marine environment located at the reef, which was famous as Scarborough Shoal. Furthermore, it was also asked by the Philippines to reject the claims of China in the international tribunal with regards the Chinese claims of sovereignty over the waters which were located within the nine-dash line, which also appeared on the official Chinese maps (Permanent Court of Arbitration, 2015). These dashes covered around 90% of the South China Sea, which was an area equaling size of Mexico which was crucial for the global trade, as it was rich in natural resources, which included possible deposits of oil. China was also blamed by Philippines for contravening the international law as China dredged sand for building artificial island out of a range of reefs located in the South China Sea, which included one which was in its waters (Perlez, 2016). Key Issue and Arguments of the Parties The key issue which has been raised in this case by Philippines is that the nine-dotted line claim made by the Chinese is not valid as it contravenes the UNCLOS agreement with regards to the territorial seas and the exclusive economic zones (Permanent Court of Arbitration, 2017). This was stated for the reasons that the majority of the South China Seas features, for instance the majority of Spratly Island, could not sustain life, and so, they could not be given the continental shelf, as has been defined in UNCLOS (Callar, 2013). On the other hand, Chinese refused to even participate in the arbitration by giving the reasons that a number of treaties of Philippines stipulated that the bilateral negotiations had to be used for resolving the disputes related to the border. Philippines was also accused of having contravened the voluntary declaration made between China and ASEAN in 2002, regarding the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea, which also contained the for resolving the disputes, the bilateral negotiations had to be adopted (Torode, 2013). In 2014, a position paper had been issued by China which argued that it was not subjected to the arbitration as the same was an issue relating to sovereignty, and not that of misuse of rights (Blanchard, 2015). Apart from China and Philippines, Taiwan also made a stance even though it was not joined in the arbitration proceedings or even when the opinion of Taiwan was not sought. Vietnam also made a stance in these proceedings and he put forward three points whereby the nation supported the contentions made by Philippines. Vietnam also rejected nine-dashed line claim made by China and it also asked the tribunal to note the claims on islands like Paracels (Pham and Boudreau, 2014). Certain stances were also made by Malaysia, and Indonesia. Law As stated earlier, the complaint had been filed by Philippines under the UNCLOS which contains the rules with regards to the use of the oceans of the world. This treaty was formed in the year of 1994 and Philippines and China had ratified this treaty, along with the European Union and 165 other states. As per this treaty, the nation has sovereignty over the water which extends to 12 nautical miles from the nations coast and the nation also has a control over the fiscal actions in the water on the continental shelf, along with having control up to two hundred nautical miles from the nations coast (Hunt, 2016). This includes the sovereignty over the construction of artificial islands, oil exploration, mining and fishing. This very treaty also presents the detailed rules with regards to the defining of these zones and also the manner in which the matters have to be resolved in case of a dispute by suggesting what has to be done when the zones of two different countries overlap (Permanen t Court of Arbitration, 2016). Philippines had also submitted to the Tribunal regarding it having the required jurisdiction on the basis of UNCLOSs Articles 297 and 298. It also stated that the nation had the right to settle the dispute in a peaceful manner and that even China owed a relate obligation to not extend or aggravate the dispute till the time a resolution is reached. However, the acts of China were such that they not only extended the dispute but also aggravated the same (Yafei, 2016). Philippines also cited the decision given by the International Justice in Electricity Company of Sofia and Bulgaria (Belgium v. Bulgaria), Interim Measures of Protection, Order of 5 December 1939, PCIJ Series A/B, No. 79, p. 199 (5 December 1939). Under this, the Justice had recognized the universally accepted principle with regards to the requirement that the parties of a case have to refrain from doing anything which results in the aggravation of disputes. It was also acknowledged by the Philippines that this particular principle had been articulated with regards to the decision pertaining to the provisional measures and the same was commonly invoked in such matters. Another case on which Philippines relied was that of United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran (United States v. Iran), Judgment, ICJ Reports 1980. This was further supported by Para 5 of the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in South China Sea and Friendly Relations Declaration of 1970 of the United Na tions General Assembly (Permanent Court of Arbitration, 2016). Holding China had claimed that the nine-dash line included the water which was beyond these zones and there was historical evidence, as claimed by Beijing to support this notion. However, these claims were rejected by the tribunal by stating that any and all of the historic rights which the China had, which had been previously enjoyed by the nation, were extinguished due to the applicability of this treaty. Moreover, it was also stated by the Tribunal that even though the navigators and the fishermen of China had used the island in the sea in the past, there was no evidence to suggest that the exclusive authority over the resources or the waters had ever been exercised by Beijing (Lavranos and Kok, 2014). It was held by the tribunal that the duty from refraining to extend or aggravate a dispute during the time the settlement proceedings were going on, were inherent in the good faiths central role with regards to the international legal relations which took place between the states. The tribunal also stated that there was no requirement to go outside the transcript of the UNCLOS in order to find the foundation of law which was pertinent over the demeanor of the parties, during the course of procedures related to the dispute settlement as per Part XV of the UNCLOS (Batongbacal, 2016). Almost all of the contentions which were made in this case by Philippines were unanimously granted by the tribunal and they also laid down a range of major rulings which would reshape the discourse of the South China Sea disputes for the coming years. The first and foremost thing which was characterized by the Tribunal, and later on struck down was about the most liberal of the contentions with regards to the South China Sea, with regards to the historic rights of China as has been represented through the nine-dash line map. It was held clearly by the tribunal that any and all of the historic rights assertions with regards to the waters which was outside the territorial sea were deserted, as well as, relinquished by China when it signed, as well as, ratified the UNCLOS and hence had agreed with the EEZ (exclusive economic zone) establishment and the continental shelf regimes with regards to the favor of all of the coastal states (Batongbacal, 2016). Secondly, all the features in Scarborough Shoal and Spratly Islands region were comprehensively characterized by the tribunal. The rocks and the islands formed the pockets of the territorial sovereignty which was disputed. However, the sea surrounding these could be allocated in a jurisdictional manner as per the UNCLOS to the neighboring costal states (Batongbacal, 2016). It was also held by the Tribunal that the interference of China with the petroleum exploration activities, the Filipino fishing, and the assembly of artificial islands which failed to thwart the fishermen of China from fishing in the EEZ of the Philippines, all contravened the sovereign rights of Philippines over the EEZ, along with the continental shelf. It was also determined by the tribunal that the construction of the seven artificial islands by the China, along with the failure in preventing the fishermen from being engaged in the destructive fishing practices, contravened the obligation of the China with regards to the safety and conservation of the marine environment (Batongbacal, 2016). It was also found by the tribunal that the creation of these artificial islands contravened the obligations of China for refraining from taking the actions which caused irreparable and permanent harm to the marine environment and that it had acted in a manner which was prejudicially against the rights which Philippines had. Due to these reasons, China acted in a way which was divergent to the global law as it only aggravated the dispute. The arbitration award which was given in this case was, on the basis of the UNCLOS was both final and binding and this was published by the Permanent Court of Arbitration (Lisle and Goldstein, 2017). Analysis and Conclusion This was considered as a landmark decision in the recent history and was even declared as an overwhelming victory for Philippines. Even though this was a landmark ruling, after the decision was given the Peoples Republic of China refused to accept this ruling. They issued a statement which rejected the ruling as being null and decided that it would ignore the ruling, i.e., it stated it would not to follow the decision given by the arbitral tribunal (Phillips, Holmes and Bowcott, 2016). This award not only had major implications but it also sent ripple across the Southeast Asian region, along with the rest of Asia-Pacific region. This award also closed the door for the claims of China with regards to the excessive maritime jurisdictions in the South China Sea on the basis of historic rights. The justification with regards to the rights of Philippines to its continental shelf and EEZ out of the disputed enclaves entails that outside the enclave of rocks or island and mainland costs, the South China Sea was open to either the common international uses or to the costal state exclusive resource rights (Batongbacal, 2016). It is natural that the small littoral states within the South China Sea gain from the EEZs legal reinforcement and also from the continental shelf entitlements which extends from the mainland coasts. And in case China now insists upon the enforcement of the same, it would be illegal as per the international law and this would make the coastal states eligible for making a legal or such related actions for defending their jurisdiction and their rights (Batongbacal, 2016). References AMTI. (2016) Arbitration on the South China Sea: Rulings from The Hague. [Online] AMTI. Available from: https://amti.csis.org/ArbitrationTL/ [Accessed on: 31/05/17] Batongbacal, J. (2016) Philippines vs. China in the South China Sea: Beijing at a Geopolitical Crossroads. [Online] The National Interest. Available from: https://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/philippines-vs-china-the-south-china-sea-beijing-17014 [Accessed on: 31/05/17] Blanchard, B. (2015) China says U.S. trying to influence Philippines' sea case. [Online] Reuters. Available from: https://www.reuters.com/article/southchinasea-china-usa-idUSL3N1043AM20150724 [Accessed on: 31/05/17] Callar, M.D. (2013) ITLOS completes five-man tribunal that will hear PHL case vs. China. [Online] GMA Network. Available from: https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/305570/itlos-completes-five-man-tribunal-that-will-hear-phl-case-vs-china/story/ [Accessed on: 31/05/17] Hunt, K. (2016) Philippines vs. China: Court to rule on South China Sea fight. [Online] CNN. Available from: https://edition.cnn.com/2016/07/11/asia/philippines-china-south-china-sea-hague-ruling/ [Accessed on: 31/05/17] Lavranos, N., and Kok, R.A. (2014) Hague Yearbook of International Law / Annuaire de La Haye de Droit International. Boston: Brill Nijhoff. Lisle, J., and Goldstein, A. (2017) China's Global Engagement: Cooperation, Competition, and Influence in the 21st Century. Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press. Ma, Y. (2014) Chinese (Taiwan) Yearbook of International Law and Affairs. Boston: Brill Nijhoff. Perlez, J. (2016) Philippines v. China: Q. and A. on South China Sea Case. [Online] The New York Times. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/11/world/asia/south-china-sea-philippines-hague.html?_r=0 [Accessed on: 31/05/17] Permanent Court of Arbitration. (2015) Arbitration between the Republic of the Philippines. [Online] Permanent Court of Arbitration. Available from: https://www.pcacases.com/web/sendAttach/1503 [Accessed on: 31/05/17] Permanent Court of Arbitration. (2016) PCA Case N 2013-19. [Online] Permanent Court of Arbitration. Available from: https://pca-cpa.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/175/2016/07/PH-CN-20160712-Award.pdf [Accessed on: 31/05/17] Permanent Court of Arbitration. (2017) The South China Sea Arbitration (The Republic of Philippines v. The People's Republic of China). [Online] Permanent Court of Arbitration. Available from: https://www.pcacases.com/web/view/7 [Accessed on: 31/05/17] Pham, D.N., and Boudreau, J. (2014) South China Sea Tensions Flare as Vietnam Files Stance to Court. [Online] Bloomberg. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20141213103712/https://mobile.bloomberg.com/news/2014-12-12/south-china-sea-tensions-flare-as-vietnam-files-stance-to-court.html [Accessed on: 31/05/17] Phillips, T., Holmes, O., and Bowcott, O. (2016) Beijing rejects tribunal's ruling in South China Sea case. [Online] The Guardian. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/12/philippines-wins-south-china-sea-case-against-china [Accessed on: 31/05/17] Torode, G. (2013) Philippines South China Sea legal case against China gathers pace. [Online] Reuters. Available from: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-philippines-idUSBRE98Q0BX20130927 [Accessed on: 31/05/17] Yafei, H. (2016) The Truth Behind the Philippines Case on the South China Sea. [Online] Huffington Post. Available from: https://www.huffingtonpost.com/he-yafei/philippines-south-china-sea_b_10928374.html [Accessed on: 31/05/17]

The importance of human activities in maintaining the biodiversity of semi-natural ecosystems Essay Example

The importance of human activities in maintaining the biodiversity of semi-natural ecosystems Essay Humans play an important role in maintaining the biodiversity of semi-natural habitats. Such areas are managed to prevent succession, conserve rare species and try to improve species richness. This conservation is putting to good use the country resources for amenity and recreation. Semi-natural ecosystems have many important values, including economic, environmental, wildlife, archival and heritage. Without human activities the biodiversity of semi-natural ecosystems would more than likely decrease in response to succession, agricultural processes, including nutrient enrichment, and to atmospheric pollution. Human activities aim to maintain natural ecosystems, traditional landscapes, high biodiversity and target species and community types. Many man-made habitats have improved species richness and had positive inputs to the environment. These include chalk and limestone quarries, gravel pits and inland waters, and the building of canals. In the UK many different semi-natural habitats are targeted and maintained by human activity. These include, the management of fens, moorland conservation, woodland conservation and grassland mangement. Fens are rare habitats in the UK, with many containing a variety of habitats including woodland and wet and dry habitats. Rare Schoeno-Junctum is supported by the habitat. Fen habitat hosts many rare bird species, including the Reed bunting. Many fen habitats are fragmented, making them unstable, and they are easily damaged by drainage, nutrient enrichment and cessation of traditional habitat regimes, and are completely lost with reclamation. However, conservation management of fen is relatively inexpensive and simple. We will write a custom essay sample on The importance of human activities in maintaining the biodiversity of semi-natural ecosystems specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The importance of human activities in maintaining the biodiversity of semi-natural ecosystems specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The importance of human activities in maintaining the biodiversity of semi-natural ecosystems specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It is the low fertility of fen soils that keeps their biodiversity high. It is essential, therefore that nutrient enrichment does not occur, or biodiversity will decrease, as dominant species will out compete the rarer sepcies. An example of the negative effects of nutrient enrichment on fens can be seen at Crymlyn bog Fen. Oil leaked from a near by power station and all the species near by were killed. The further away from the spillage, the greater the biodiversity of the area gets, correlating to decreased nutrient inputs from the oil. Agricultural practices nearby to fen and land reclamation for farming also threaten fens (Boyer and Wheeler, 1989). A relationship between species richness and vegetation production also exists for fens. Productive vegetation is invariably species poor. It is for all the above reasons that human mangement of fens is essential for their survival. Wheeler and Shaw (1994) examined the relationship between species richness and soil fertility across a large number of fens, split into subsets of summer-managed and unmanaged vegetation, using linear regressions. The results suggest that; in unmanaged vegetation, species richness is negatively related to fertility. When vegetation is managed, the species-richness can be just as great in nutrient-rich sites as in nutrient-poor sites and that the number of rare fen species tends to be smaller in more fertile conditions, even when the vegetation is managed. For these reasons, management of nutrient rich systems can support high biodiversity, but few rare species and in low fertility systems, little or no management is needed to preserve high biodiversity. However, some management is required and these human activities maintain the biodiversity of the fen. Species-richness of fen vegetation is related to above ground crop mass, which can be strongly influenced by management regimes. Summer managed fens in the UK have a greater number of rare species and overall species, than do unmanaged fens. Fens are also managed to prevent seral development into fen woodland, which hosts fewer species than fen. Once fen develops into fen woodland it cannot be converted back and therefore its succession needs to be prevented. Fen management by human activity generally involves grazing. Thomas et al (1981) showed that in the Ouse Washes, Cambridge, increased grazing was associated with an increase in botanical diversity. There is also evidence that grazed fens can be richer in birds than ungrazed fens. Two Loch Lomondside fens in Scotland demonstrate this. Crom Mhin, consists of more plant species and hosts more bird species then Aber bogs, with less plant and bird species. The Norfolk Broadland forms the largest area of lowland fen in Britain, containing a large variety of plant species. Parts of the broadland fens are maintained by human cropping activities in the area, for the two main crops, reed and sedge, that are both used for thatching. Reed is mown in winter, usually every year, or every second year. Reed is deciduous so harvesting removes dead material. Sedge is mown every summer, usually on a 3-5 year rotation. Harvesting removes biomass during the growing season and has a big impact on the character of vegetation. Wheeler and Giller (1982) examined the relationship between vegetation mangement and species richness and crop mass in broadland.