Week 1 Discussion 1 Essays

Week 1 Discussion 1 Essays Week 1 Discussion 1 Essay Week 1 Discussion 1 Essay Article Topic: Conversation From the e-Activity, assess at any rate two companies’ fiscal reports that have gotten a negative rating from one of the monetary rating offices. Figure out which money related proportions undoubtedly affected the rating choice. Look into at any rate two monetary proportions that help the rating agencys claims. Guess on how the proportions are probably going to change considering the financial condition wherein it works. Bolster your position. The two organizations that I decide for this conversation are the American Express, Inc. furthermore, the General Electric Company.Both of them got negative rating from the Thomson Reuters Stockreport + and them two is under the - 2 class. As I research on the proportions that these rating organizations may utilize, I find that they love to utilize the influence proportions as a pointer. Take American Express and the General Electric for instance. Them two convey over 400% Debt to Common Equity while the Long Term Debt Percent to Common Equity are both over 250% which consider high in contrasting with those get positive rating like Boeing, whose complete Debt rate to Common Equity is just 201. 5%! Other than these influence proportions, the advantages per representative proportion appear to be another key factor to decide the positioning. Organization has positive rating like Boeing has resources per representative proportion at $397,262. 38 for each worker while both GE and American Express have more than 2 million for every representative! On the off chance that a company’s obligation to value proportion is over 400%, it implies that the organization depends vigorously on obligation than value. The facts confirm that premium cost is charge deductible and which will assist with improving the net gain because of this benefit.However, this proportion will tell the financial specialist that the organization may get into money issue if the development in deals is delayed in addition to the assortment rate is lo w. Likewise, when the resources for representative proportion is more than million, it tells the speculator that the organization is wasteful in produce benefit. Any adjustments in the economy, the organization is probably going to experience a great deal of issues. Change in financial condition would barely help the American Express as they are notable for high assistance charge to the two dealers and consumers.It would be hard for them to improve the proportion except if they stream down and change their approach on charging. With respect to the General Electric, they need to hold up till the economy ricochets back going full bore at that point, the advantages turnover rate will be improved hugely. Also, with the assistance of the development in deals, they will have the option to take care of certain obligations and in this manner pay off the obligation to value proportion. Envision that you are a CFO with $150,000 of inactive money that you should contribute to build income for your company.Select in any event two organizations and the proportions you would use to decide your speculation technique. In view of the organizations you pick, estimate on how the proportions are probably going to change throughout the following five years. I might want to make a venture on Apple, Inc. also, Boeing Company in a proportion of 6:4. The proportions that I use for the assessment will be the development rate in deals, the arrival on acquiring resources proportion, cost of products offered to deals proportion, the obligation to basic value proportion, and the profit payout in the previous 5 years. In the event that the economy continues as before, the expense of products offered to Sales proportion for Apple, Inc. sick drop proportionately as they have the expenses under great control while the business stays developing at 40% rate. Moreover, the arrival on procuring resources will grow a smidgen because of the expansion in deals. Other than that, different proportions will basically the equivalent. With respect to Boeing, except if there is an abrupt interest in new flies, the deals will practically the equivalent. As they are really acceptable at smoothing out, I don't anticipate an emotional change in its proportions by any means. Reference: Financial information recovered from www. thomsonone. com ;amp; www. scottrade. com.

Contributions of Modern Society Free Essays

The spot of love in the medieval times was where anybody, paying little mind to the class, could have a place. The wellspring of solidarity, it achieved impacts on workmanship and design. As time transformed from the antique arrangement of the Romanesque time frame, new guidelines of understanding autonomy started to grab hold; the introduction of Gothic. We will compose a custom article test on Commitments of Modern Society or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Here, the Church turned into a spot where individuals turned out to be progressively satisfactory; turning into the sufficient spot to watched such new standards. The exceptional Gothic engineering portrayed most in the incredible houses of God of the twelfth through fourteenth Centuries in St. Denis, Notre Dame, Chartres, Salisbury, Durham, Amiens, and that's just the beginning. Most Gothic structures underscore the vertical, drawing one’s eyes upward toward the sky with the amazingness of God. These houses of prayer worked with climbing tops, pointed curves and reinforcing giving impacts of participation and brilliance. One of the fundamental accomplishments of the twelfth and thirteenth hundreds of years was to decide the building ability of the furrowed vault, guided curve and help toward give a well known house of God that is on the double advanced than the ones preceding. Despite the fact that, the sharp curve could demonstrate more remarkable than its previous, there was as yet an issue of figuring out how to improve the enormous stone work roof vaults over huge ranges. So as to keep up the outward push of barrel vaults, vertical establishment dividers must be uncommonly clear and ground-breaking. What makes conceivable the all-encompassing utilization of furrowed vaulting and directed curves toward open and revive the dividers and degree of the church connect over the passageway rooftop that reaches out from the upper nave divider, where the primary push of the focal arch is the best. The outcome is to add auxiliary quality and robustness to the structure. In today’s society, we can utilize the absolute most notable impacts and qualities without acknowledging where it originated from or where it started. I feel that the impacts from design, craftsmanship, and even religion. The impacts of the middle age building structures can be built up on how it formed our present reality. The impacts of the dominance of the models have helped a considerable lot of the structures that we have today, everything from the past assistance contribute our lives in present day society. As I glance around at a few structures I realize that I don’t see the figures of deformity however taking a gander at a portion of the Catholic houses of worship and a portion of different structures that are very much organized. Muhammad, thought about the predominant prophet and originator of Islam, conceived in 570 A. D. compelled to find a new line of work to deal with himself at an early age. He was a driver and hitched his supervisor at 25 years old, to Khadija, by which he had just four little girls. The correct word Islam implies â€Å"submission†. The significance behind the word accommodation is to the desire of Allah, the unparalleled genuine God as per the Muslim confidence. To be viewed as a Muslim one would need to submit themselves. The fundamental topic of Islam is very simple and clear: There couldn't be some other God yet Allah, and Muhammad is the primary Prophet of Allah. As indicated by the Koran Islam instructs that there is one God Allah, the maker of the universe. Muhammad would be the person who showed his new supporters that this God, Allah, is caring and just. He instructed them that in light of the fact that being the representative for Allah, he would be considered responsible. Allah calls all individuals to trust in Him and love Him. On the Last Day, all the dead would revive and either be reward go to heaven or be rebuffed and push off. In today’s society Islam is one of the most all around rehearsed religions other than Christianity in the United States. The Islam confidence has become throughout the years with a large number of individuals around the whole word. The Koran uncovers how a Muslim is assume to live their lives. The religion formed our general public in light of the fact that huge numbers of the residents here in the United States regard the confidence of Islam and even have a few Mosques work in numerous states. In spite of the fact that, Islam has been one of the most dreaded and maybe misjudged religions, there are numerous who have gotten familiar with this religion. Islam observes Ramadan every year where Muslims give recognition to their confidence. Buddhism is a conviction that has increased 300 million individuals around the globe. The word originates from ‘budhi’, to stir. Its starting points around 2,500 years prior when Siddhartha Gotama, known as the Buddha, was himself stirred (edified) at 35 years old. Buddhism goes past religion and is to a greater degree a way of thinking or ‘way of life’. It is a way of thinking since reasoning ‘means love of wisdom’ and the Buddhist way can be summarized as: to have an ethical existence, to be careful and mindful of musings and activities, and to create shrewdness and comprehension. Siddhartha Gotama was naturally introduced to an illustrious family in Lumbini, presently situated in Nepal, in 563 BC. At 29, he understood that riches and extravagance didn't ensure bliss, so he investigated the various lessons religions and ways of thinking of the day, to locate the way to human joy. Following six years of study and contemplation he at last discovered ‘the center path’ and was edified. After edification, the Buddha spent a mind-blowing remainder encouraging the standards of Buddhism called the Dhamma, or Truth. Today Buddhism, help structure numerous lives by the controls, the Four Nobles Truth, and Karma, Recycle of Life. Buddhism discloses a reason to life, it clarifies evident bad form and imbalance around the globe and it gives a code of training or lifestyle that prompts genuine bliss. Life is enduring which incorporates torment, getting old, malady, and at last demise. We likewise persevere through mental enduring like dejection dissatisfaction, dread, shame, frustration and outrage. This is an obvious actuality that can't be denied. It is reasonable as opposed to cynical on the grounds that negativity is anticipating that things should be awful. Rather, Buddhism clarifies how enduring can be stayed away from and how we can be really upbeat. Step by step instructions to refer to Contributions of Modern Society, Papers

Legal Aspects International Business and Enterprise

Question: Talk about the Legal Aspects for International Business and Enterprise. Answer: Presentation Goodbye is a worldwide group with its activities in excess of 150 nations and the organization accomplishes 68 percent of the piece of the pie when the merchandise and ventures are offered in various nations. Being a global organization there are numerous deterrents and administrative system that can be inspected to accomplish the consumer loyalty and in this manner give a worth expansion administration in various segments. The organization fills in as a worldwide pioneer in various regions and areas that have a bigger thought. Activities in various nations have a specific structure that must be watched and the bargains and understandings in Australia should be considered for a worldwide if the tasks are explicitly engaged (Kirchner, 2012). The understandings and arrangements influence the companys advancement and even a monetary turn of events while considering the FDI inflows in Australia. Outline of the organization The Tata bunch has a worldwide range of business all over since years and it works in excess of 100 nations and nearly in six distinct mainlands. There are worldwide methodologies that are felt with the origin time frame since the organizer of the organization Jamshed Tata had started and built up the vocation in England and China as universal exchange getting drew nearer with the additional opportunities and interference (Bernanke, 2005). There were global norms that were estimated in every nation and these had an effect to the world class innovation with another part of Exports and Imports which was set up in the year 1963. Industry of the organization The organization works in the general program that has the items and administrations with its intuitive brands and grandstands the activities in Australia. Since, it is working in Australia for about over 30 years, the organization has made a few mergers and acquisitions that are seen with an exceptional since the year 2000 (Rosen and Hanemann, 2011). There are wide scope of administrations and items that are conveyed as needs be and this appears to be a wide assortment considering the vehicle and other FMGC items over a years ago. The principle activities are for Agrochemicals that are all around acknowledged in Australia. Since, the organization works for car and administrations it conveys the best items that are arranged as needs be. The synthetic substances, shopper items, development gear, resistance and aviation and mechanical framework there is a wide region of activity for the organization. Number of staff in Australia and all inclusive The worldwide organization has nearness in excess of 150 nations and there are in excess of 600,000 representatives moving in the direction of for the accomplishment of the organization for in excess of 100 nations on the planet. The staff comprises of innovative work division, human asset office, specialists and administrative level places that is dealt with over by the organization in Australia (Subramanian and Kessler, 2013). The prize framework are assigned according to the abilities and skill level that is being resolved at a more elevated level while thinking about the legitimacy and different premise. The quantity of staff in Australia is in excess of 2000 workers that have made a pace and an extra structure that help for the achievement and development of the organization. Area of worldwide central station The area of the central station is in Mumbai with its wide territory of tasks that the organization accommodates the aggregate holding with the worldwide acknowledgment and worldwide organizations. There are a few auxiliaries that are nitty gritty with some related gatherings that Tata has converged with. The mergers and acquisitions occurred from the year 2000 and along these lines there were items and administrations that increased a high measure of acknowledgment on the planet (ITS Global, 2008). Administrative system in Australia for Tata There are administrative systems that influence the worldwide organization in Australia, these are surely known by the organization and it appears that those norms and international strategies must be inspected while Foreign Investment Regulation has a specific outline that it offers to the organizations that are working in Australia. The administrative system that issues for the other organization to work in Australia is the FDI that expresses the speculation which is really embraced by the Australian government from an undertaking which is working in Australia. There is about a value of 10 percent of offer that is simply taken as a perceived limit by the remote speculation and these are only delegated portfolio venture (Truman, 2008). For Australian procedure of FDI screening, 15 percent limit is significant that is a basic speculation for Australias financial turn of events. As indicated by McKinsey and Company (2016) remote direct speculation has an essential job in the administrative structure for monetary improvement of Australia. The history is analyzed that local venture has surpassed when contrasted with the local sparing. The outside capital inflows has amplified and are basic for the new capital arrangement that would assist with expanding the efficiency and even per capita salary of the nation. The developing business sector has been developing with the reflected significance and the presentation when contrasted with different economies, so there are guidelines and rules when a global organization works in Australia. Goodbye with its piece of the overall industry has some administrative structures that are considered with the pinnacle coordinate for FDI (Larum, 2011). There are a few patterns that are considered for the improvement of the organization and these are grouped with an expansion in the opposition and this might be a preferred positio n for the worldwide FDI inflows. According to Monti (2010) Tata organization has confronted a few challenges to work in the market and have an upper hand that can be experienced with the outside coordinated efforts and a universal calculated gracefully chain. There were joint endeavors by other organization to work in the universal market with a global business that connects a few laws and practices according to the expert projects paper that helped the principles and accentuate in the applications and proceses for the case laws in business activity. These issues were at that point analyzed as the administrative system has a wide zone where FDI and FTP strategy are more extensive viewpoints that are considered in the organization. these have been talked about by review the global exchange bodies that are likely analyzed by WTO and are primarily examined in detail with these practices and systems (Golub, 2003). In this manner, Tata has even confronted some administrative system that influences the activities of the w orldwide organization. Arrangements shows and understandings that sway a MNC Goodbye has a gigantic centrality in its home province yet in Australia, because of the exchange arrangements, the organization needs to confront a few issues identified with exchange and worldwide strategies. Additionally is must be noticed that the vehicle fabricating organizations in Australia are in various amounts. That is, there is a tremendous rivalry for vehicle organizations in Australia which makes it hard for TATA to continue in the Australian market. The Australian market has a decent number of household also worldwide organizations. The Japan, china, Europe, America based organizations have a decent piece of the pie in the Australian market. It is in this way significant and difficult for the organization to keep up its noteworthy piece of the pie (Taylor et al, 2012). Additionally the Australian government has some severe arrangements with respect to the ecological and maintainability viewpoints. In this manner the organization needed to deal with the natural issues and follows the strategies in regards to the ecological conditions. In the event that Tata needs to globalize in different nations, the organization needs to follow the approaches of that nation carefully. The organization has followed the little scope vehicles and business vehicles and has left itself open for the developing enterprises. Likewise the ascent in the costs in the worldwide economy is an immense worry for the organization (Todaro Smith, 2011). The expense of steel and aluminum are getting high because of which the organization faces a great deal of issues on the creation office. In Australia, there no more steel and aluminum organizations which can flexibly these crude materials to the organization in modest and reasonable costs. Because of the organization needs to get t he crude materials and the steel imported from different nations where the steel is accessible in moderate costs (Anca, 2010). The organization has a few issues with respect to transportation and coordinations and the gracefully of the crude materials. The organization imports various crude materials for the assembling of items. The transportation and coordinations charges are very high. Because of the expansion in the costs of petroleum and diesel the globalization has affected in a more prominent stretch out as the coordinations have been expanding their charges and the companiea need to confront the development this ascent in the fuel costs. This makes the organizations bear hig fuel costs and high coordinations alongside the raised crude materials which influences the organization at a more prominent expand (Kekeocha, 2011). Additionally the deisng of TATA engines depend on the Italiand and Indian nations which are commonly very little utilized in the Australian market. The organization needs to enlist the expert originators to plan restrictive vehicles and vehicles according to the necessities of the Au stralian residents. The organization has embraced a structure of examining the socioeconomics and conduct of the clients in various nations. Hence the organization recognizes and identifyies the necessities and prerequisites of the Australian clients and the structure the productrs according to the requirements. The different office must be apportioned to the organization for structuring items for Australia. Goodbye has a few divisions in Australia and has a demonstrated hugeness of more than 30 years in this nation. Because of the liberal and solid exchange relations of Australia and India, the organization doesn't confront issues in exchanging and expo

Sub Seven Virus Essay Example For Students

Sub Seven Virus Essay Envision this, youre at home playing on the PC when unexpectedly your compact disc drive opens. You get over it figuratively speaking the same old thing yet then a couple of moments pass by and all of a sudden you printer begins printing a page that says you have an infection that permits individuals complete access your documents. You start to freeze when a message window springs up and the individual printed that out. He discloses to you that the infection you have is known as the subseven infection. I didnt need to hard of a period envisioning that circumstance since it truly transpired. The person that educated me regarding having the infection disclosed to me where I could download the program to get to individuals records. So I, being the inquisitive kind downloaded and continued to get into people groups PCs. I need to let it be known is quite fun playing with individuals. I didnt erase anyones records I just glanced around and when I was finished having a ton of fun with the individual I revealed to them that they had the subseven infection. We will compose a custom article on Sub Seven Virus explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now The working system was very much evolved. It has a ton of choices a portion of these alternatives incorporate flipping the casualties screen, assume responsibility for mouse, uncovering reserved passwords, open album rom drive, incapacitate console, turn screen off, and a whole lot more. My undisputed top choice alternative was the capacity to get to the c-drive and see what the individual has on their PC. Subseven was found in May 1999. The maker calls himself ?Mobman.? Subseven is a Windows 9x Internet Backdoor trojan. When running it gives for all intents and purposes boundless access to the framework over the Internet to anybody running the suitable customer program. Subseven utilizes a people ip address to get to the framework. It introduces three records onto the PC. The first being NODLL.EXE which is introduced into the windows organizer and is utilized to stack the trojan server. The following record is known as BackDoor-G.srv. This one is likewise introduced into the windows organizer and is the genuine trojan that gets and does the orders from the customer program. This document is generally the principal record the client gets. The following document is utilized by the trojan server program to look for associations with the web from the customer programming. This record is distinguished as BackDoor-G.dll. The Trojan likewise enrolls the record augmentation .dl as an executab le document type that can be controlled by the working framework simply like any .exe document. This permits the assailant to download documents onto the casualties framework and run them. Since the expansion isn't generally connected with executable records some infection scanners won't check these documents and the casualty won't suspect these documents. You might be asking yourself ?How would i be able to tell on the off chance that I have the infection Well here are a few signs that youve been tainted. Records duplicated to the neighborhood framework, changes to framework vault, and abnormal or unexplained discourse boxes on the machine with discussion or keystrokes entered without your educating to do as such. I trust my report gave you some new knowledge on a dubious little infection that can truly destroy your PC. I have included the full rundown of alternatives on the subseven program. Fun Manager1. Open Web Browser to determined area. 2. Restart Windows. 3. Turn around Mouse catches. 4. Shroud Mouse Pointer. 5. Move Mouse. 6. Mouse Trail Config. 7. Set Volume. 8. Record Sound document from remote mic. 9. Change Windows Colors/Restore. 10. Hang up Internet Connection. 11. Change Time. 12. Change Date. 13. Change Screen goals. 14. Shroud Desktop Icons/Show15. Conceal Start Button/Show16. Cover up taskbar/Show17. Opne CD-ROM Drive/Close18. Blare PC Speaker/Stop19. Turn Monitor Off/On20. Debilitate CTRL+ALT+DEL/Enable21. Turn on Scroll Lock/Off22. Turn on Caps Locl/Off23. Turn on Num Lock/OffConnection Manager1. Interface/Disconnect2. IP Scanner3. IP Address book4. Get Computer Name5. Get User Name6. Get Windows and System Folder Names7. Get Computer Company8. Get Windows Version9. Get Windows Platform10. Get Current Resolution11. Get DirectX Version12. Get Current Bytes per Pixel settings13. Get CPU Vendor14. Get CPU Speed15. Get Hard Drive Size16. Get Hard Drive Free Space17. Change Server Port18. Set Server Password19. Update Server20. Close Server21. Expel Server22. ICQ Pager Connection Notify23. IRC Connection Notify24. Email Connection NotifyKeyboard Manager-1. Empower Key Logger/Disable2. Open Key Logger in a remote Window3. Clear the Key Logger Windows4. Gather Keys squeezed while Offline5. Open Chat Victim + Controller6. Open Chat among all connectedControllers1. Windows Pop-up Message Manager2. Handicap Keyboard3. Send Keys to a remote WindowMisc. Supervisor 1. Full Screen Capture2. Constant Thumbnail Capture3. Flip Screen4. Open FTP Server5. Discover Files6. Catch from Computer Camera7. Rundown Recorded Passwords8. Rundown Cached Passwords9. Clear Password List10. Library Editor11. Send Text ot PrinterFile Manager-1. Show records/organizers and navigate2. Rundown Drives3. Execute Application4. Enter Manual Command5. Type way Manually6. Download files7. Transfer files8. Get File Size9. Erase File10. Play *.WAV11. Set Wallpaper12. Print *.TXT*.RTF file13. Show ImageWindow Manager1. Rundown obvious windows2. Rundown All Active Applications3. Concentrate on Window4. Close Window5. Incapacitate X (close) button6. Conceal a Window from see. .u31577fca1158196d61706ce94410c9cc , .u31577fca1158196d61706ce94410c9cc .postImageUrl , .u31577fca1158196d61706ce94410c9cc .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u31577fca1158196d61706ce94410c9cc , .u31577fca1158196d61706ce94410c9cc:hover , .u31577fca1158196d61706ce94410c9cc:visited , .u31577fca1158196d61706ce94410c9cc:active { border:0!important; } .u31577fca1158196d61706ce94410c9cc .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u31577fca1158196d61706ce94410c9cc { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u31577fca1158196d61706ce94410c9cc:active , .u31577fca1158196d61706ce94410c9cc:hover { murkiness: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u31577fca1158196d61706ce94410c9cc .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u31577fca1158196d61706ce94410c9cc .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content adornment: underline; } .u31577fca1158196d61706ce94410c9cc .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u31577fca1158196d61706ce94410c9cc .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content beautification: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u31577fca1158196d61706ce94410c9cc:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u31577 fca1158196d61706ce94410c9cc .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u31577fca1158196d61706ce94410c9cc-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u31577fca1158196d61706ce94410c9cc:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Gateway to paradise Ouch, je Im telling mamma! I hollered in misery, scouring the engraving her book left on my head Essay7. Show a Hidden Window8. Incapacitate Window9. Empower Disabled WindowOptions Menu-1. Set Quality of Full Screen Capture2. Set Quality of Thumbnail Capture3. Set Chat text dimension and Colors4. Set Clients User Name5. Set neighborhood Download Directory6. Set Quick Help7. Set Client Skin8. Set Fun Manager SkinEdit Server1. PreSet Target Port2. PreSet server Password3. Connect EXE File4. PreSet filename after installation5. PreSet Registry Key6. PreSet Autostart Method:Registry framework records fir e up envelopes 7. PreSet Fake blunder message8. PreSet Connection Notify Username9. PreSet Connection Notify ICQ#10. PreSet Connection Notify E-Mail11. PreSet Connection Notify IRC Chan. 12. PreSet IRC Port13. Change Server *.exe IconComputers and Internet

The Kite Runner Essay Example for Free

The Kite Runner Essay The book Kite Runner is about a child that goes through unpleasant minutes during his life time as a result of war. The young men name is Amir, and his dad is a rich man of Pakistan. Amir calls his dad Baba and doesnt have a very decent connection with him. Amirs closest companion is called Hassan. Hassan lives in Amirs house, and is his hireling. Hassan father likewise works for Amirs father as a hireling. Hassan and Amir do everything together, except there is consistently that line in them, among worker and rich child. At the point when the Russians attacked Pakistan Amir and his dad needed to leave Pakistan, and got to California. There they needed to live as workers since they left Pakistan with every one of their possessions. Pakistan was crushed as was Amir. He had left Hassan and his dad in Pakistan. So one day Amir goes to meet different Pakistanis and sees a young lady he prefers. His dad gets sick and advises Amir to wed her before he bites the dust. They do get hitched and his dad passes on about fourteen days after the fact. After amirs father passed on the couple acknowledged they couldnt have kids. So Amir turned into a significant writer. The individuals in India are thoughtful however pay attention to religion. There is an aggregate sum of 7 religions that have been archived. Those incorporate Buddhism, Islam, Sikhism, Jainism, Hinduism, Zoroastrianism, and Christianity. Individuals have a 54% of proficiency level. Its normal future is around 59 years of age for guys and 60 years for females. There are 18 perceived dialects spoken in India. They are characterizes in two gatherings. Those are Indo-Aryan and Dravidian. There is no official language spoken in India. Indias engineering is exceptionally one of a kind in its own specific manner. Actually India possesses one of the most lovely bits of work on the planet. The name of this structure is known as the Taj Mahal. It has a round formed figure. There is a wellspring in the passage. This structure is a vacation destination everywhere throughout the world. It was worked by a ruler that needed to give her princess a blessing in 1627. The Taj Mahal has 4 columns close to the primary structure. Before it there is an opened exhibition with bunches of wellsprings. The Indian design is recognized even in todays date. After the war in Pakistan finished, Amir chose to return to look for his closest companion Hassan. At the point when he got to his town, he asked each living individual where Hassan could be. He found an old woman that revealed to him that Hassan was killed with his significant other and that his child was in a halfway house. Amir scanned for Hassans child wherever until he discovered him. He took Hassans child back to California where Amir and his better half brought up the youngster as theirs. From the start the child had issues holding with Amir however as time passed on, the child acknowledged Amir as his dad. Show see just The above see is unformatted content This understudy composed bit of work is one of numerous that can be found in our GCSE Miscellaneous segment.

Symptoms of Oxycontin Withdrawal

Symptoms of Oxycontin Withdrawal Addiction Drug Use Opioids Print Oxycontin Withdrawal Symptoms By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 10, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on October 27, 2018 Pureradiancephoto / Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Opioids Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery In This Article Table of Contents Expand Causes   Who's at Risk Symptoms Potential Dangers Treatment of Symptoms Withdrawal Period Long-Term Treatment   View All Back To Top Oxycontin withdrawal describes a wide range of symptoms that can occur after a person stops or dramatically reduces the medication after heavy or prolonged use. Withdrawal from Oxycontin is similar to withdrawal symptoms experienced with any opiate-based drugs such as heroin, morphine, Dilaudid, methadone, and codeine.?? Causes   Any opiate-based drug can cause physical dependence or addiction. If Oxycontin is taken over a lengthy period of time, you can build up a tolerance to it, meaning that greater amounts of the drug are needed to produce the same effect.?? If you have developed a dependence on Oxycontin and you try to stop or cut back on the amount you take, your body needs time to adjust and recover, and withdrawal symptoms can result. Whos at Risk Anyone who has taken Oxycontin over a period of time, usually several weeks or more, can experience these symptoms. It varies with the individual and can happen upon quitting or cutting down. This includes patients who have taken Oxycontin as prescribed to treat pain while recovering from surgery or an injury. Symptoms Oxycontin withdrawal symptoms can range from mild to severe, depending on how much and how long you have taken the drug. Some people who have only used the drug therapeutically may not even realize that they are experiencing withdrawal; many users  report thinking that they just have the flu.?? Withdrawal symptoms usually begin six to 30 hours after the last use of the drug.?? Early Symptoms of Oxycontin Withdrawal Include: AgitationAnxietyMuscle achesIncreased tearingInsomniaRunny noseSweatingYawning Later Symptoms of Oxycontin Withdrawal Include: Abdominal crampingDiarrheaDilated pupilsGoosebumpsNausea and vomiting Potential Dangers Withdrawal from Oxycontin use can be very uncomfortable, but it is not life-threatening. However, there are complications that can occur, which do pose a  danger. Aspiration can occur if you vomit and breathe in stomach contents into the lungs, which can cause lung infection or choking. Vomiting and diarrhea can cause dehydration  and chemical and mineral disturbances in your body. The biggest danger, however, happens if you quit taking Oxycontin and decide to begin taking the drug again. Because the withdrawal process reduces your tolerance for the drug, you can overdose on a much smaller dose than you usually took.?? Therefore, most overdose deaths occur in people who have recently withdrawn or detoxed from Oxycontin start taking it again and think they can tolerate the same amount they used to take. Treatment of Symptoms If you are planning to quit using Oxycontin after heavy or prolonged use, dont try to do it on your own. At the very least, make sure someone else is around to support and keep an eye on you as you withdraw. Contact your healthcare providers and let them know that you plan to detox from Oxycontin. They will explore and recommend one of a few different regimens used for detoxification, which can include the use of Clonidine to reduce anxiety, agitation, muscle aches, sweating, runny nose, and cramping.?? They can also give you other medications for vomiting and diarrhea. Withdrawal Period The severity and length of withdrawal symptoms will vary from individual to individual. The most uncomfortable symptoms should subside within a few days to a week. However, if you find that your symptoms last longer than seven days, you should seek medical attention. If you find that you cannot quit using Oxycontin in spite of your best intentions to do so, you may need to seek a professional treatment program to help you with your dependence. Long-Term Treatment   Many people who detox from Oxycontin find that they need long-term treatment following withdrawal to stay off the drug. This can include support groups, pharmaceutical treatment, outpatient counseling, or intensive outpatient treatment and even inpatient treatment programs.??

Nursing Discussion Of Issues Affecting Vaccine Delivery - 1375 Words

Nursing Discussion Of Issues Affecting Vaccine Delivery (Essay Sample) Content: ISSUES IN VACCINE DELIVERYStudents NameCourse TitleProfessors NameInstitutionDateISSUES IN VACCINE DELIVERYMillions of people die from infectious diseases annually including children under the age of five, particularly in developing countries. Significant progress has been made to facilitate immunization campaigns globally in order to protect people against many of the infectious diseases (WIPO, 2011). Nevertheless, various issues tend to affect the delivery of the vaccines to target populations such as logistical support, storage issues, lack of expertise among others. One outcome that comes with lack of efficacy in handling these factors is increased cost of the vaccines which continues to increase the difficulty of accessing conducive treatment. Thus there is a need to find a way of overcoming these issues in order to reduce the costs affiliated with the vaccines and make them more affordable to citizens.Vaccine IssuesStorage and handling issuesProper storage and handling of vaccine are critical right away from the point vaccines arrive into a facility. One important factor is a lack of ability to maintain cold storage temperatures due to failure to maintain the cold chain. Vaccines recommended to treat such diseases as Diphtheria, tetanus, yellow fever and the oral polio vaccine require cold storage temperatures of between 2 and 8o C to enhance their efficacy (Ren et al., 2009; WIPO, 2011). It is worth noting that where countries may be cold by nature like polar regions then achieving the required storage temperatures may not be a problem. However, the issue comes in the tropical regions and other hotter regions like the sub-Saharan Africa where it has been approximated that 40% of the vaccines in these regions end up being ineffective due to poor temperature storage (WIPO, 2011).Lack of Proper training programsMore and more medical practitioners have been administering vaccines to their patients. Nevertheless, there has been a lack of prop er education and training regarding vaccine administration. Such a lack of knowledge has created a remarkable difference between adult medical providers and their pediatric counterparts who have been well trained for the administration process (Tanzi, 2014: 24). Lack of proper training accounts for the most medical errors experienced in the public health, for instance, improper dosing during vaccination. In fact, invalid dose administration accounts for about 10-35% of toddlers (Hibbs et al., 2015). Other issues that may arise with the lack of proper training on vaccination are excess immunization, the improper spacing of the doses, and even poor storage. The Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting system has identified various error reports as depicted in Table 1 regarding the errors of vaccine in the outcome section. From the table, among the topmost reported errors were those of wrong administration of vaccine which altogether resulted from inadequate training (Hibbs et al., 2015).Outcom e of the IssuesDevelopment of vaccines to prevent infectious diseases has been the major capstone for the public health sectors in the last century. A vaccines efficacy largely relies on the quality of the immunizing agent. Therefore, appropriate handling and storage of vaccines are important to minimize treatment costs and improve the level of confidence in patients. Improper storage will only heighten the occurrences of vaccine-preventable diseases. With poor storage there is a likelihood that treatment costs will increase as thousands of dollars would be lost in wasted vaccines thereby leaving a few which would lead to increased demand, thus, increased cost. From another perspective, ineffective vaccines due to mishandling and storage would lead to repeated vaccination. In treatment, this is considered an error as it leads to repeating of dosage without proper change. The result is that the patient ends up losing confidence. Proper management of vaccines particularly storage and handling procedures form the basis of good immunization practices (Hamborsky, Kroger, Wolfe, 2015: 63).Proper handling of vaccines normally come as a result of training. Medical practitioners should receive adequate training that would enable them to handle and store vaccines as required. Most errors of vaccination are due to lack of appropriate training regarding vaccination administration and handling. Focusing on administration alone various issues may crop due to insufficient training. For instance, most of the commonly reported errors arising from the wrong administration of vaccines are using wrong vaccine on a patient, following improper dosage of the vaccination, and improper spacing of the vaccine doses. Most of these errors arise from packaging errors whereby names and abbreviations used sound alike, and even the packages look alike thereby creating some level of confusion on the novice (Hibbs et al., 2015: 3171).In a research conducted by Hibbs et al., (2015: 3173) error s arising from vaccination were tabulated as shown.Table 1 showing types of errors reported between 2000-2013 (Hibbs et al., 2015)Error Group Number of Occurrences Percentage (%) Scheduling inappropriately 5,947 27 Storage/handling 4,983 23 Wrong Vaccine 3,372 15 General errors 2,526 12 Error in dosage 2,002 9 Errors of administration 1,951 9 Exposing Accidentally 373 2 Quality of Product 239 1 Contraindication 215 1 Equipment 205 1 Labeling of Products/Packaging 30 1 Total 21,843 Although there could be slot pertinent to administration errors alone, it is possible to infer that in one way or another most of the errors were from administration issues. The data obtained from this table supports the outcomes that can result due to lack of proper training. Improper scheduling was the topmost error noted in the vaccine delivery. From the research of Hibbs et al., (2015: 3173) it was observed that there was a lack of uniformity in the timely intervals that were required to...

The Enemy Of A Car - 1955 Words

Droplets of sweat begin to form on your forehead as you grip your gun tightly. Your heart is beating like crazy as you explore through this new unfamiliar world. But you are in control. Are you worried about law, what law? Go ahead, steal a car, pillage a village, become a drug cartel, or shoot an innocent bystander, you have the freedom to do whatever your wildest dreams may be! Those intentions might be good or bad, you call the shots in this new world you run. You may be laying on a rooftop while patiently waiting, not making any movement. Suddenly, there is the target you have been looking for steps into your crosshairs. You pull the trigger and now his remains litter the street. Another, as the general of an army, you are the†¦show more content†¦The sources describe the aspects of both the positives and negatives depicting each side of the argument. For a lot of people in the world today video games are a perfect break from a reality filled with deadlines, stress, worr y, anxiety, and responsibilities. People play them because they are entertaining, riveting, and a way to spend leisure time. Most often, they are used to go after certain passions. Sports fans love to play football and baseball video games. Hunters and outdoor enthusiasts enjoy playing action packed Big Game hunting games and extreme sports games. Many chess lovers and even gamblers who cannot find enough human opponents to compete with will play computer chess and gambling games or even seek competition from online players. Video games are often used to help people focus on something other than life’s unsettling problems and issues. For a few moments, the players kind of lose themselves in their TV screen as they feel a release from the real world and then of being in control of their own. For some, the fantasy escape of video games is just a passing interest. For others, video games are much more than that, even a way of life. A benefit from the youth playing many video ga mes is recently, the U.S. Army and Navy have started using video games to train their new recruits. They had realized that the large simulators that they once used were much

Water Pollution Causes, Effects, and Solutions

Our planet is comprised primarily of water. Aquatic ecosystems cover more than two-thirds of the Earths surface. And all life on Earth as we know it relies on water to survive. Yet water pollution is a very real threat to our survival. It is considered by most scholars and politicians the worlds biggest health risk, threatening not only humans, but also myriad other plants and animals that rely on water to live. According to the World Wildlife Fund:   Pollution from toxic chemicals threatens life on this planet. Every ocean and every continent, from the tropics to the once-pristine polar regions, is contaminated. So what is water pollution? What causes it and what effects is it having on the worlds aquatic ecosystems? And most importantly—What can we do to fix it? Water Pollution Definition Water pollution occurs when a body of water becomes contaminated. The contamination could be caused by physical debris such as plastic water bottles or rubber tires, or it could be chemical such as the runoff that finds its way into waterways from factories, farms, cities, cars, sewage treatment facilities, and air pollution. Water pollution occurs any time that contaminants are discharged into aquatic ecosystems that do not have the capacity to absorb or remove them. Water Sources When we think about the causes of water pollution, we have to think about where it comes from. There are two different sources of water on our planet. First, there is surface water—thats the water that we see in oceans, rivers, lakes, and ponds. This water is home to many plant and animal species that rely not only on the quantity but also the quality of that water to survive. No less important is groundwater—the water stored below the surface in the Earths aquifers. This water source feeds our rivers and oceans and forms much of the worlds supply of drinking water.   Both of these water sources are critical to life on Earth. And both can become polluted in different ways.   Surface Water Pollution Causes Bodies of water can become polluted in a number of ways. Point source pollution refers to contaminants that enter a waterway via a single, identifiable source, such as a waste water treatment pipe or a factory chimney. Non-point source pollution is when the contamination is coming from many scattered locations. Examples of non-point source pollution include the nitrogen runoff from agricultural fields that leaches into rivers and streams, or oil from parking lots into city sewers. Groundwater Pollution Causes Groundwater can also be affected by point and non-point source pollution. A chemical spill can seep directly into the ground, polluting the water below. But more often than not, groundwater becomes polluted when non-point sources of contamination such as agricultural runoff or prescription medications find their way into the water within the Earth.   How Does Water Pollution Affect The Environment? If you do not live near water, you may not think that you are affected by pollution of the worlds waters. But water pollution affects every single living thing on this planet. From the tiniest plant to the largest mammal and yes, even humans in between, we all rely on water to survive. The water from your tap may be filtered by a water treatment facility before it gets to you, but ultimately it comes from either surface or groundwater sources. Fish that live in polluted waters become polluted themselves. Fishing is already restricted or prohibited in many of the worlds waterways due to contaminants.  When a waterway becomes polluted—either with trash or with toxins—it diminishes its capacity to support and sustain life. Water Pollution: What Are The Solutions? By its very nature, water is a very fluid thing. It flows throughout the world without regard for borders or boundaries, crossing state lines and country borders alike. That means that pollution caused in one part of the world could affect a community in another. This makes it difficult to impose any one set standard on the ways we use and protect the worlds water. There are a number of international laws that aim to prevent dangerous levels of water pollution. These include  the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea  and the 1978 MARPOL International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships. In the U.S., the 1972 Clean Water Act and the 1974 Safe Drinking Water Act were created to help protect both surface and ground water supplies. How Can You Prevent Water Pollution? The best things that you can do to prevent water pollution are to educate yourself about the worlds water supply and support conservation projects both locally and around the world. Learn about the choices that you make that affect the world water, from spilling gas at the station to spraying chemicals on your lawn and look for ways to reduce the number of chemicals you use each day. Sign up to help clean litter off of beaches or out of rivers and oceans. And support laws that make it harder for polluters to pollute—the Clean Water Act in particular has often come under political attack. Water is the worlds most vital resource. It belongs to all of us and it is up to everyone to do their part to protect it.

The Severity Of People s Ptsd Symptoms Following The...

The severity of people s PTSD symptoms following the hurricane was overtly connected to the amount of television coverage they watched of the damage which included the looting of New Orleans, rescue efforts, and evacuations in and around the Superdome and the Convention Center in New Orleans. People fared better in terms of PTSD symptoms if they watched less television coverage overall, especially of the looting. They also benefitted from using prayer as a way of coping with the stress of the hurricane. A natural disaster, such as Hurricane Katrina, can have a major impact on a person s life. Following a traumatic event such as this, it is normal to want to seek out as much information as you can, and watching television may be one way to do this. However, as this study and other studies on the effects of disasters show, extensive viewing of television coverage of traumatic events may put people at risk for depression and PTSD. Therefore, it may be important to keep an eye on what yo u and your family are watching after stressful events. A news report on the mental health of Hurricane Katrina victims’ shows patterns in New Orleans and the Gulf Coast that are contrary to post traumatic stress disorder usually seen after major disasters. The mental health of Hurricane Katrina victims is worsening with the drawn out recovery time. The mental health of Hurricane Katrina survivors contains some surprising information. The study s author says what s going on in the Gulf CoastShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Hurricane Katrina And Its Impact On The Mental Health2127 Words   |  9 Pages PTSD, Psychological Effects of Hurricane Katrina and its impact on the Mental Health By definition, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), is the †¦ It was not until the 1980’s that the diagnosis of PTSD as we know it today came to be. However, throughout history people have recognized that exposure to combat situations can have profound negative impact on the mind s and bodies of individuals in these situations. But there are other catastrophic events that can have such profound impact on peopleRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Hurricane Katrina Essay1599 Words   |  7 PagesMass tragedies occur on a daily basis in almost every nook and cranny of the world. No matter the severity, they all appear to have a similar effect: deterioration of mental health stability among those involved. Children and adults alike possess the risk of suffering from mental disorders, such as depression and PTSD, following exposure to a traumatic event. However, the circumstances of these events differ, simply because not all mass tragedies are the same. No matter what type of event occursRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder Among Adults2737 Word s   |  11 Pageswith multiple victims such as natural/human caused disasters, war, mass violence or explicit experience in the death of others. Examples of these large-scale events include 9/11, the Holocaust, Hurricane Katrina etc. Other classification of traumatic events involve unintended acts involving fewer people such as motor vehicle collisions or life threatening illnesses and acts of intended personal violence such as sexual/physical assault, torture or child abuse. These traumatic stressors cause a significantRead MoreResearch Based Interventions Paper1727 Words   |  7 PagesDisorder (PTSD), is a â€Å"disorder that occurs following an extreme traumatic event, in which a person re-experiences the event, avoids reminders of the trauma, and exhibits persistent increased arousal†. An example may be, a person who observed or experienced something extremely frightening, may feel that their life or the life of others may be in danger (Butcher, Mineka, and Hooley, 2 013). People with PTSD may feel frightened and feel that they don’t have control over their feelings. People most commonlyRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )2099 Words   |  9 Pagesby depression, anxiety, etc.† (Merriam-Webster’s, n.d.) Post-traumatic stress disorder can occur after seeing a dangerous event such as war, hurricanes, car accidents, death of a loved one, and violent crimes. It can affect a victim mind, body, and the people around them. While some mental disorders are genetic, this disorder come from the things that people encounter in life. This paper will discuss the risk factor involved with post-traumatic stress disorder as well as treatments that will helpRead MoreCRIS 608 research paper 13650 Words   |  15 Pagestraumatic event affects many people in various ways. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a globally recognized disorder that is common among persons who have experienced traumatic events, but is also known as a normal response by normal persons in abnormal situations. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder can be caused by a mul titude of reasons, not just from traumatic events. People with various personality traits can be associated with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. People who suffer from poor healthRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd And Race / Ethnicity2617 Words   |  11 PagesCorey Hills May 5, 1015 PSY-230-A Final Paper The Correlation Between Both ASD/PTSD Race/Ethnicity Post-traumatic stress disorder is a well known disorder that takes over the life of it’s victim. We know that anyone has the chance of facing this challenging disorder but does race/ culture have anything to do with it? Throughout this paper we will be trying to answer this question and many more. This paper’s main focus is on what post-traumatic stress disorder is, what evidence provided byRead MoreNatural Disasters3617 Words   |  15 PagesZyy06mku SWK Psychological Consequences of Earthquakes Natural disasters, such as earthquakes, hurricanes and cyclones, floods, and tornadoes are some of the traumatic experiences that may cause posttraumatic stress disorders. This type of disorders and other disaster related psychological problems are prevalent after natural disasters. As a result it is important to analyse those individuals that develop psychological problems especially to prepare and planRead MorePsychological Problems After 9/112598 Words   |  11 Pagesdaily. Some are minor events which shape the attitudes and personalities of only the individuals involved. An example of this would be the teenager who got his first traffic violation for going over the speed limit; he just learned the value of following the law and that every action has a consequence. As you can see this event was minor and just affected him directly. On the other hand, some events are catastrophic and can change millions of lives worldwide; like the attacks to the RMS Lusitania

Stigma And Treatment Of Depression - 1585 Words

Introduction Depression has become a daunting problem around the world, with the World Health Organization listing it as the leading cause of disability.1 As well, in 2030 it is anticipated to be second on a list of fifteen major disease burdens.2 In the United States, depression is a large, but often overlooked epidemic. It is estimated that 6.7% of the U.S. population suffer from depression yearly, with a lifetime diagnosis rate of approximately 16%.3,4 Additionally, it is estimated that 4-5% of adolescents are suffering from depression each year, with a lifetime prevalence rate of 11.7% in youth aged 13 to 18.5,6 Although 60-90% of adolescent episodes last one year or less, 50-70% percent are expected to relapse within 5 years.5†¦show more content†¦The large time commitment and perceived unreliability of treatments are additional barriers.9 Traditional treatments for depression, including outpatient therapy, generally require weekly visits with a professional, limiting treatment to t hose who have availability to make appointments during business hours. Starting and maintaining medication often has a large time commitment with multiple follow up appointments to assess and adjust the regiment. Furthermore, 26.6% of individuals surveyed in 2009 stated that they believed they could handle their mental health problems without treatment and 10.6% believed that treatment would not help.9 Prior Work There is a large body of work assessing the feasibility and effectiveness of alternative therapy options. Computer and web based interventions have been proven to be effective in both adults as well as adolescents. In a systematic review of online and social networking interventions, researchers found that these programs can be successful in preventing and treating depression in adolescents.7 It was also found that adolescents were open to using technology based therapies because of their immediacy and cost.7 The primary concern of technology based interventions was patient attrition.7 Developing interventions that encourage high engagement and motivation are essential as higher adherence to

Vital Pieces of Language Analysis Essay Samples

Vital Pieces of Language Analysis Essay Samples The Rise of Language Analysis Essay Samples You're able to receive a perfect essay you need so much in just a few clicks. Peer edits help give the essay a larger assortment of clarity. Quality over quantity goes a very long way here. An analysis research paper is not any different. These seven sample essays respond to a selection of thought-provoking questions. There's an endless number of different essay topics which can be analyzed. Bridget's essay is extremely strong, but there continue to be a couple little things that could be made better. Before writing a comparative essay, you first have to arm yourself with the data that you will need. Book reports are usually meant to recap and summarize information in a book. That means you'd start by outlining what the sub-argument is, and what the writer is suggesting. You might be able to type up your whole sample in actual moment. Feel free to get in touch with our company if you have issues with any types of reports, researches, or plot analysis. An event can only be categorized as news the moment it meets specific conditions, thereby adhering to a particular genre. There's no particular style for the introduction, but background information is easily the most frequent system of approach. Therefore second language acquisition is connected to the language aptitude and we shall examine the amount of than relation. When you decide to get a thesis on the web, you ought to look for the best services around. Our customer support will gladly tell you whether there are any special offers at the present time, in addition to make sure you are getting the very best service our company may deliver. A worldwide language has numerous benefits and disadvantages. however, it's very important to the concerned nations to be certain that its growth doesn't obstruct the use other native languages (Fennell, 2001 pp 259). Who Else Wants to Learn About Language Analysis Essay Samples? You are able to seek the services of the Best Essay Writing Service and receive an original custom made essay written by a seasoned writer. Stephen's essay is quite effective. You could need to know where to have thesis. Secondly, thesis writing covers a massive portion of the complete grade and whether you get the degree. From time to time, scholarly texts will merely cover the student's thesis idea in 1 paragraph. Much enjoy the intro, it's a structural requirement meaning you should write one in the event that you don't need to lose marks. The very first draft of essay analysis won't ever be like the last draft. Furthermore, the poem does not own a title in the manuscript. If you're going to write a comparative essay, you will need to get a notion of the impacts of distinct aspects to the result that you might get at the conclusion of the writing activity. The primary goal of the body paragraphs is to fully demonstrate the thesis statement. So, for instance, if you're writing about historic events or a social issue that you don't only describe it. You should have your reasons, and our principal concern is that you wind up getting an excellent grade. The standard of essays is the most essential thing when you're searching for services like ours. The greatest purpose is to demonstrate your comprehension of the way the author attempts to persuade the reader to agree with her or his contention. Any introduction you write will be quite important. The author starts with a rather thorough story of an event or description of an individual or place. A quick discussion of the topic may also be included only insomuch as it acts as a manner of introducing the topic to a reader who might have no familiarity with the topic. The process for writing a great thesis might take a little while. Your thesis will be crafted by our best available writer with plenty of experience in your academic region and basic writing. Finally, your analytical report should talk about the message the subject is hoping to convey.

Tips for Effective Performance Appraisal System

Question: Describe about the Effective Performance Appraisal System? Answer: Introduction: In this given case study there is a lack of performance appraisal system. So, a good and effective performance appraisal is required. Performance appraisal is a process through which, the performance level and ability of an employee can be evaluated. It is required in the future growth and development. It is generally done in a systematic way. The Relationship between strategic and operational plans: Plans are assigned goals of an organization. Without any plan, none of the employees can achieve their goals. Strategic plans help to meet the organizations large-scale goals. On the other side, operational plans holding excellent points for implementing and executing, strategic plans in day-to-day works. Strategic plans cover a long span of time that may be several years. On the other side operational plans have to cover within a year. Strategic plans are stated in a less-detail manner, but operational plans provide excellent details(Kerzner, 2014). Five things that needs to be considered in case of decision making: Relationship- 1) Relationship with managers. 2) Relationship with peers. 3) Relationship with subordinates. Work and life-1) location. 2) Travel. 3) Amount of work. The kind of work-1) autonomy. 2) Type of work. 3) Contribution. 4) Growth opportunity. Company-1) values. 2) Leadership. 3) Industry. Financial consideration-1) base pay. 2) Incentive. Key result area and critical success factors: Key result area refers to the common area of production and result. Critical success factors have very limited number of variables, conditions and characteristics that have a serious impact on the efficiency, effectiveness and viability of a project, program or an organization. Example of KRA or CSF, Role- product manager, Goal- ensuring of quality product. Key result areas: Satisfaction of customers. Managing the new level product. Controlling operational cost. Quality check. Keeping all the records SMART goals: every business required a set of objectives which is very important to focus on the organization. SMART goals can be defined as following: Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic Time scales. Importance of documentation in PMS and risk: Documentation is the process where information about employees performances is recorded. It is important for an interaction between the managers and the employees. Mainly, primary information is recorded in the documentation so that it would not be lost or forgotten. Example when a customer and an employees interaction went badly, feedback is recorded is the employees PMS (Aguinis, 2013). No risk is there for managing all the documentation effectively because HR develops this process by using feedbacks, measure work level, comments and observation. This all are general information which can get help an employee to develop their performance level. Four way of giving informal feedback and two formal feedbacks: Informal feedbacks are as follows: Ongoing- this type of feedback generally comes when the assigned work are in ongoing process. Day to day- when feedback provide as day to day basis. After checking someone- when the feedback coming after checking someone. Immediate feedback- the immediate feedback is generally comes informally (Aguinis, 2014). Formal feedbacks are as follows: Formal coaching sessions- it is a coaching session where HR and employee interact face to face and discuss about the employees progression and also analyze that there is any further support is required or not. Management by objective- MBO help to improve the performance of an organization by defining objectives which are decided both management and employees. Motivate staff through formal performance appraisal and self motivate for future performance: Motivation is the process which helps to encourage employees towards their work. Well execute and well design performance appraisals have a powerful motivational impact. Appraisal provides some benefits which help to motivate employees are as follows: Performance appraisal helps to improve an individual performance. Performance appraisal help to meet the higher-level psychological needs of an individual Performance management helps to increase an individuals overall development. Performance appraisal helps to build a sense of personal value. Performance appraisal gives a check to employees who are performing poorly. Performance appraisal helps to increase the satisfaction level of an individual (Falcone and Tan, 2013). Self motivation helps to improve an individual performance. By judging the past work performance review, an individual can improve their work in future. Performance appraisal help to interact manager and employees face to face and have a conversation regarding employees week areas, which also helps an employee to develop their performance in future (Mattone, 2013). Four different ways of Reward and recognition for an individual performance: Rewards and recognitions are the best way of motivating employees which help to change their work habits and the main behaviors to benefits a business. Types of rewards programs are- Variable pay Bonuses Profit sharing Stock options Types of recognitions programs- Recognize an Employees as a performer of the year or month Banquets or breakfast (Noe, 2013). Advantages and disadvantages of on the job training: In the On-the-Job training methods, skilled co-workers or supervisors instruct employees and they learn the job personal observation and practice. Advantages- This type of training is very economical as there are no additional personnel or facilities. The trainee will know the actual production conditions and requirements, since they work in the real environment with actual equipment. The trainee acquires full knowledge of the rules, regulation, and procedures by watching and doing. Companies with adequate jobs and employees can easily adopt this type of training (Beebe, Mottet and Roach, 2013). Disadvantages- Instruction may not be properly comprehended at times in these types of training. Learners are often distracted by the noise at the office or workplace. This may cause low productivity if the employee fails to develop adequate skills during the training (Mba-mentor.com, 2015). Plans for an individual are who is not able to meet the deadline: Performance Investment Plan (PIP) is taken for those who are underperforming level. The main purpose of PIP is to direct an employee regarding their performance and try to correct their work if any issues affect the business. Steps which help to improve an individual performance are as follows: Explain the performance issues. Establish an expectation level. Establish a fixed timelines. Progress an action plans which includes organizational objectives and goals. Determine a particular method of evaluation. Analysis PIP with the employee(Siddiqui, 2014). Monitor effectiveness of performance investment plan: There are six steps to monitor effectiveness of performance investment plan Collect all the data. Set a baseline for a normal performance. In this step employee receiving an alert, if they deviate from the baseline. Some typical repot appraise from the employee. In this step, data analysis and visualization take place. All data share with the employee after analysis.(Siddiqui, 2014). Benefits to manage unsatisfactory performance: There are some ways, which helps to benefit to manage unsatisfactory performance: Performance management only focuses on result, not the behavior and activities of an individual. If there is unsatisfactory performance, it will affect on the performance result. Performance management builds a meaningful measurement. It compares the standards and benchmark with the other organization(Successfactors.com, 2015). Steps involve in termination employees: Termination of an employee is the last decision which is taken by an organization. There are six steps which help us to handle termination process effectively: Address to the legal matters. Plan should be prepared before termination meeting. Assess security concerns. Finally conduct a termination meeting(Team, 2014). Conclusion: In the given case study it shows that an effective performance appraisal system is required. It shows that the appraisal system is not fair, so the employees are not aware of their own performance level. So, there a good appraisal system is required which helps to motivate employee and gives a good opportunity in future. References: Aguinis, H. (2013).Performance management. Boston: Pearson. Beebe, S., Mottet, T. and Roach, K. (2013).Training and development. Boston: Pearson. Falcone, P. and Tan, W. (2013).The performance appraisal tool kit. New York: AMACOM, American Management Association. Kerzner, H. (2014).Project management best practices. Hoboken: Wiley. Mattone, J. (2013).Powerful performance management. New York: AMACOM, American Management Association. Mba-mentor.com, (2015).Off the job training methods. [online] Available at: https://www.mba-mentor.com/off-the-job-training-methods [Accessed 21 Feb. 2015]. Noe, R. (2013).Employee training and development. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Siddiqui, M. (2014).Performance Appraisal Alignment in Perspective of Work Performance. Saarbrucken: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. Successfactors.com, (2015).Employee Appraisal Systems. [online] Available at: https://www.successfactors.com/en_us/lp/articles/employee-appraisal-systems.html [Accessed 21 Feb. 2015]. Team, B. (2014).What is Performance Appraisal System and what are its objectives? Describe the various sources of errors in the appraisal process. What is the difference between the Performance Appraisal and Performance Management Systems in an organisation? | BMS.co.in. [online] BMS.co.in : Bachelor of Management Studies. Available at: https://www.bms.co.in/what-is-performance-appraisal-system-and-what-are-its-objectives-describe-the-various-sources-of-errors-in-the-appraisal-process-what-is-the-difference-between-the-performance-appraisal-and-perfor/ [Accessed 21 Feb. 2015]. U.S. Office of Personnel Management, (2015).Understanding Performance Management Process and Practices. [online] Available at: https://www.opm.gov/policy-data-oversight/performance-management/performance-management-cycle/developing/understanding-performance-management-process-and-practices/ [Accessed 21 Feb. 2015]. Whatishumanresource.com, (2015).On-the-job Methods - what is human resource ?. [online] Available at: https://www.whatishumanresource.com/on-the-job-methods [Accessed 21 Feb. 2015]. Yamamoto, S. (2013).Human interface and the management of information. Berlin: Springer.

A Life Changing Story free essay sample

Apple Speech June 10, 2010 On September 20, 2002 1 bought my first classic pink iPod. On October of 2005, I bought my first iPod Nano in yellow. Last summer, I bought my first laptop computer, the Macbook Pro, and my first iPod touch. Wow! I have shared many of my first experiences with Apple and I am your loyal customer, and l, Ana Plascencia, am truly honored to be given the opportunity to address you (the men and women) who have contributed to the success of the Apple and who have contributed to my success in high school. Lets face it your ingenious technology assisted me with my homework nd research projects, allowed me to compose my own music, and allowed me to gain exposure to the outside world. You are the greatest innovators in the world, and you have been important to me because simply through your products you helped me succeed through high school and you have helped me make some of my dreams From an early age my mother inspired me to use values such as come true. We will write a custom essay sample on A Life Changing Story or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page passion, perseverance, and discipline to make my dreams a reality. My mother always says that the mind puts limits on ones dreams, but the heart has the power to overcome those limits and make those dreams come true. I have seen, in my mother and myself, this power of will to persevere and to strive to be greater than one thinks they can be. But I have also come to realize the deeper and truer meaning of my mothers saying. My mother emigrated from Mexico and raised me by herself with little education and little understanding of the English language. I believe strength and love motivated her as she worked three Jobs, seven days a week earning no more than nine twenty-five an hour. At the age of six, I began to work several times a week at restaurants and community events as a Mariachi singer thanks to an uncle of mine ho taught me how to play this great music from an early age. I performed for several hours during the weekends, earning as much as fifty dollars an hour, in order to help my mother make ends meet for the both of us. I loved Mariachi music then and still do now. But as I look back, Im am struck by key values such as working diligently and disciplinarily, along with the power of knowledge a power of the mind that also enabled me to help support my family even from a young age. As I grew older, I saw that my mother, too, recognized that passion and working diligently were mportant, but by themselves they were not enough to fulfill ones dreams. Along with passion and hard work, she believed the power of knowledge was a crucial key to realizing ones goals. She worked very hard so that I could go to school, to study, so that I might accomplish my dreams. But my mother and I didnt have the same vision at that time. I thought that by working and being focused on making money I could easily help support my mother. But my mother had bigger dreams for me; she knew that an education was crucial for my future. She knew that I needed to have an ducation to open new doors and have the opportunities she didnt have. Of course this tension between my mothers dreams for herself and her dreams for me was not something I reflected upon until later. My mother also instilled in me a dedication to my family and my community. Therefore at Mitty I got involved because it is was important for me to explore and take advantage of the opportunities offered at Mitty. and share the diverse Latin American cultures with the Mitty community. I was also a Mitty ambassador and an active member of campus ministry. In my local community, y passion for helping younger generations develop and strengthen their skills in reading lead me to co-found the S. T. A. R. S. reading program where I tutor children from low-income families and ignite in them the love for learning. Attending Mitty gave me the confidence to co-fund this program and help make a difference in a childs life, who through reading obtained confidence and a power of knowledge. My dedication for serving my community and my passion for learning have successfully transformed me into the young lady I am today. Today, this young lady that stands efore you Just graduated a few weeks ago from Archbishop Mitty High School, thanks to a scholarship that awarded me with the opportunity to attend a college- preparatory institution. The young lady that stands before you is a now a proud woman who will be the first in her family to attend college and who will be attending Wellesley College in Massachusetts this upcoming fall to obtain a dual degree in biochemistry and biomedical engineering so that I may train to become a medical doctor. My dream to become a doctor began when I started volunteering at the Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, and was touched after a special incident. During mid- July of 2008, I was handed a set of personal history questions and asked to interview Spanish-speaking patients. I wasnt worried about having to translate because I expected the questions to be rather basic, but they were deeply serious. The patient I interviewed was Mrs. G. Mrs. G was a forty-five-year old, obese, Hispanic woman suffering from diabetes. The first few questions were neutral enough, but then I translated, have you attempted or have thought of attempting suicide because of your health condition? To my surprise, Mrs. G said, mies. Then I had to ask Mrs. G if her health condition made her feel useless, insignificant, or invaluable, and again she responded, mies. Suddenly her face was covered with a flood of tears, and she began to plead for my help. She wanted me, a fifteen-year-old girl, to help her restore not only her health, but also her faith in life. At that moment I became frustrated and upset. I felt useless. I felt insignificant. The only thing I knew to do was to give her a hug and tell her with all my heart that everything was going to be okay. But I knew that was not enough. How could I restore her desire to live if I didnt have the knowledge or skills to make her healthy? Ever since this incident I felt powerless. The idea that I could help and make a difference in an individuals life through being a doctor was exciting. But at that moment I also understood I didnt Just wanted to be a doctor, I wanted to travel the world and offer pro bono healthcare to people who lacked the resources. I also wanted to be a doctor who gives inspiration and desires of hope. I believe that with this education I can follow my heart and be truly useful to my family and my community. If you had met me 5 to 6 years ago, my accomplishments would not have seemed possible or even realistic because I lacked the confidence to believe that a single individual can lead and change the world, especially if that individual was a minority with little money. Now I understand that I am as capable as anyone else to become a leader for my community and I have the power to transform the world I live in. All of you present here today, are successful (businessmen and businesswoman) you have realized some of your dreams had to experience to achieve success was difficult, but you have an education, an xtraordinary Job, and a great future ahead of you. More importantly I feel honored to stand before men and women who have the power to affect so many lives through the Apple products. In all you are, and all you must have done to be where you are, you have the power to make a difference in peoples lives. Dont limit yourself; and try to be the best you can be because you have the opportunity to continue to deepen your knowledge, achieve personal growth, and make a difference in your communities. You see, Just four years ago, I was given the opportunity to change my ife by attending Mitty, but I was naive and close-minded. I was afraid. I was afraid that by attending Mitty and striving to follow a different path than my neighborhood friends, I would have to leave behind my identity and betray my culture. I was afraid of being successful because in the neighborhood I grew up in, Mexicans never amounted to anything important which caused me to believe that I would fail like everyone around me did. I truly lost a sense of who I was and who I wanted to be. It may come as a surprise to you, but during middle school I was involved with gangs. Although I wanted to run away from the neighborhood I grew up in and I wanted to change who I was at that time, I was afraid that I could never become a better person. I had big dreams, but I was afraid that I would always be that person somehow. But in the end I realized that my past didnt have to define me and that I could change today and be the person I wanted to be. I realized I couldnt let this opportunity go away and that I at least had to try to change. In the end I realized that because of my fear I was creating excuses and setting limitations for myself, but that n order to grow, I needed to find the courage to overcome my fears. Many of you may be wondering, what motivated me to leave behind my fears and pursue a different path? What motivated me to overcome by own limitations? My family was a key factor, but I was most enlightened to change my path after a visit to Guadalajara, Mexico. A few weeks before the deadline for registration at Mitty, I traveled to Mexico during the summer. During my trip, I was shocked by the poor conditions my family members lived in. In my families nearby ranchitos (small towns), I saw children alking barefooted with ripped clothing begging on the dirt road in the rural countryside. As I saw the look of the childrens faces, I began to picture myself as the child begging on the dirt road. At the moment I understood why my mother worked as hard as she did and encouraged me to strive for greatness. At that moment I began to appreciate the food, the shelter, and the life my mother provided for me in the U. S. My trip to Guadalajara also taught me to value education. In the rural countryside in Guadalajara, I met an older cousin named Roxana; she is the second youngest of her six siblings. At the time, she had graduated from high school 3 years ago, but had to abandon her dream of becoming a physician because her family lacked the financial resources to pay for college. Roxana sacrificed her own dream to help her family survive. Once I heard my cousins story I felt insignificant. I felt ashamed of who I was at the time and how I was wasting my life because I knew that my cousin would have given everything she had to have the opportunities I did. At that point, I felt as if God was purposely rescuing me and offering me a second chance by blessing me with the scholarship. Almost instantly, my anxiety and fears wondering if my cousin ended up accomplishing her dream, and she did. After dedicating herself four years to work for the survival of her family, Roxana was awarded with a four-year scholarship that enabled her to pursue her dream. The hunger Roxana demonstrated to break free from the cycle of poverty, motivated me to also break free from my past and attend Mitty. My experience at Mitty was one of the most difficult experiences of my life. When I began my education at Mitty I was not very good at speaking English. I was an outcast. I entered a new environment here I experienced a culture shock because more than 56% of the student body was white and only 10% was Hispanic at that current time. In addition I didnt know anyone, I wasnt catholic, I didnt know the rules, and I felt imprisoned in a complete different world where it was hard adjusting emotionally, physically, and mentally. After spending the first month eating in a bathroom stall and preventing myself from integrating into the Mitty community, I said enough and I found the courage to break my shell. I had to work hard everyday and even though I grew tired of having to fit in nd adjust to the workload, I couldnt let anything or anyone stop me. I was given an opportunity to become an educated and well-rounded person, and how could I not do it, I couldnt let myself down. Despite the rigid workload and the many sleepless nights, Mitty truly transformed my entire life. I am intellectually competent and a leader of the Mitty community, but I am also a young lady who is passionate for social justice. In my four-year experience at Mitty, many didnt believe I would make it. Many didnt believe I even deserved to be given an opportunity such as attending a private high school with a full ride. Thanks to the support of my teachers, my counselors, my principal, and friends, I learned to believe in myself and that was all I needed to continue to fight. I am greater than I ever thought I could be, and I know I will continue to grow as I begin a new stage of my life in college. If I am successful, it is my heartfelt belief that my success will be by some combination of heart and mind. Passion and love may drive the values of sacrifice, hard work, and dedication, but insight, thought and knowledge will focus those values into the actions needed to realize my goals. Insight, thought, and knowledge along with hard work and edication are values that have helped you realize your own goals. You work in an extraordinary environment where your work each day transforms the world we live in. You are leading the way towards a future full of opportunities and new discoveries. My only wish is that from my speech today you remember two things. First, take advantage of the limitless opportunities Apple offers. These opportunities will allow you to deepen your knowledge, realize your greater potential, and become empowered to not only to achieve the seemingly impossible, but also achieve personal balance in your overall success. You are all already successful businessmen nd businesswomen, but dont feel afraid to take an extra step to find new, innovative ways to contribute to Apple. And finally, I feel privileged to have shared my story with such a special breed of people who can make such a difference because of all of the opportunities you have that others dont. I think you have power and you can pay it forward to others in our society. Look at how my life changed because one school believed in me and took a chance, and each one of you has the power to do the same. This is why I am so excited to be here with you, you are truly the greatest innovators power. Thank you.

Privatisation free essay sample

Privatisation is the act of reducing the role of government or increasing the role of the private institutions of society in satisfying people’s needs (Shehnaz, 2010). Government take privatization stance to reduce its burden in terms of underutilization of resources, over and redundant employment, fiscal burden, financial crisis, heavy losses and subsidies in order to improve and strengthen competition, public finances, funding to infrastructure and quality and quantity of services in terms of management (Kouser, Azid Ali, 2011). Privatisation was incorporated in Brunei Darussalam in the Fifth National Development Plan (1986-1990) undertaken by Islam Bank Brunei Berhad, promotes saving and productive uses of capital ((brunei company laws and regulation handbook). Other than giving opportunities for private companies sector to grow, privatisation is being pursued for its contribution to many other policy objectives (Hjh Zainab, 2001). As to the acting director-general of the department of economic planning and development (JPKE), â€Å"privatisation is recognised as an important strategy particularly as the private sector has been perceived as the engine of growth for further development of the sultanate† (Suhaimi, 2009). We will write a custom essay sample on Privatisation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This essay will explain further why privatisation is a good policy in Brunei Darussalam. Firstly, it helps to boost the economy in Brunei Darussalam as it reduces the spending and improves efficiency in public services. The Minister of Development said during the opening two-day seminar on privatisation in June â€Å"Through privatisation, government could optimize spending in providing services to the public† (Hjh Zainab, 2001) Secondly, private investment will relieve government burden in terms of administrative and financial cost in Brunei Darussalam. Therefore, through this government will be in a better position to manage its resources for the development of other strategically important sectors to help diversify the economy. Lastly, the process of employments could be done a bit faster and the number of unemployment could be decrease with the increased growing rate of the economy as a result of the gains of efficiency on a smaller level and increased stability on bigger level. â€Å"The privatization can have contradictory short and long term effects† (Masalkovska, 2010) On the other hand, privatization was not a good policy when it deals with public interest such as health care, education and public transport. For example, health care, there might be a greater priority is given to profit rather than patient care. â€Å"when doctors treat patients they are unlikely to try harder if they get a bonus† (Pettinger, 2011) Another example is the tap water. â€Å"tap water has very significant fixed costs, therefore there is no scope for having competition amongst several firms. Therefore, in this case, privatization would just create a private monopoly which might seek to set higher prices which exploit consumers. Therefore it is better to have a public monopoly rather than a private monopoly which can exploit the consumer† (Pettinger, 2011) â€Å"Although privatization is an essential instrument for transforming government-controlled economies into market-oriented systems and for making established market economies more efficient, it is neither a panacea for all governments ill nor sufficient to ensure economic progress. Privatization is most effective when it is part of a broader programme of economic policy reforms and institutional development† (Rondinelli, 1996) From my opinion, although privatisationit is still quite new in Brunei Darussalam, but it is a good policy and there is no doubt that it will change the economic conditions by increasing the number of private sector in Brunei Darussalam. As mention in Brunei times articles â€Å"privatisation will be key to improving the efficiency of public services in the sultanate† (Too, 2009)

Scenarios of Labor Relations in Bangladesh free essay sample

In the context of Bangladesh, one can say that the country is not too poorly served by labour laws and their regulations on the employers. Trade union practices providing collective bargaining of workers with their employers are generally allowed in the industries and services here. Labour courts in Bangladesh promote and protect workers rights and enforce laws such as compensation to be paid to workers by employers for the breach of labour laws on their part. Bangladesh is a signatory nation associated to the International Labour Organisation (ILO) and remains committed on the whole to ILO policies. However, trade union practices in Bangladesh seem to be in existence in the countrys older industries and services with new ones-particularly the export oriented garments industries-remaining largely unserved by trade unions. But there are also powerful arguments in favour of such exemptions. The garments industries could never have come to their present number or employ the record number of workers as they do, if they were burdened by demands from workers and lost their competitiveness as a result. We will write a custom essay sample on Scenarios of Labor Relations in Bangladesh or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The example of the garments industries also demonstrates that it should be a prudent course for eligible workers in this country to first find employment in sectors like the garments industries than to restrict the flourishment of such emerging work opportunities by attempting to introduce trade unions in them too early in the day (The New Nation, 2004). It should be advantageous for workers to put less emphasis first on orthodox trade union practices and accept less regulation on the employers so that they feel encouraged to expand business activities. This should maximise employment creation which should go in the favour of unemployed workers when unemployment is a huge problem in Bangladesh. More employment and some income should be a better choice for the countrys workforce with its vast number of unemployed than no employment and no income from too much of trade unionism. Thus, there is a need for responsible trade unionism in the country if there exists a genuine interest among workers leaders to best advance the longer term interests of their followers. Of course, it is not meant that pressure for better looking after the welfare needs of workers ught not to be there when the new enterprises graduate into stronger entities and, thus, become able to smoothly accommodate reasonable demands from their workers (The New Nation, 2004). Many of the countrys garments industries, for instance, would not lose their competitiveness or experience any major reduction in their profits or the control over their workers by allowing the worke rs certain basic rights, such as a weekly holiday, casual leave, a bearable increase in their wages and safe conditions of work in the factories (The New Nation, 2004). From the governments side, the role expected most is imparting of training and education free of cost to workers. The same should increase their productivity and skills which would be invaluable assets in the work places. Governments in many countries play the desired role of training and educating as many workers as possible and look upon government spending on these areas as long term investment on economic growth. The Government in Bangladesh needs to adopt and pursue vigorously similar policies (The New Nation, 2004). . 2. Trade union rights in law: 2. 2. 1. Many restrictions: The Constitution provides for the right to form or join unions. There are many restrictions, however. Before a union can be registered, 30 per cent of workers in an enterprise have to be members and the union can be dissolved if its membership falls below this level. The ILO has informed the government that this is a clear barrier to freedom of association and recommended the law be amended, but that advice has been continuously ignored. Unions must have government approval to be registered, and no trade union action can be taken prior to registration. Unions can only be formed at the factory/establishment level, with some exceptions (such as private road transport, private inland river transport, tea, jute bailing, bidi production) where union formation can take place based on geographic area. There can be no more than three registered trade unions in any establishment. Membership in a union is restricted only to workers currently working at an establishment, meaning that severance from employment also results in the end of a worker’s membership in the union. Candidates for union office have to be current or former employees of an establishment or group of establishments. The Registrar of Trade Unions has wide powers to interfere in internal union affairs. He can enter union premises and inspect documents. The registrar may also cancel the registration of a union, with Labour Court approval (Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union: Bangladesh, 2007). . 2. 2. Exclusions from union membership: Under the Industrial Relations Ordinance (IRO), workers in the public sector and state enterprises may not belong to a trade union, with the exception of railway, postal and telecommunications workers. Members of the security forces are also denied the right to form unions. Teachers are also forbidden to form trade unions, in either the public or private sector. Managerial and administrative employees can form welfare associations, but they are denied the right to join a union (Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union: Bangladesh, 2007). . 2. 3. Right to strike not recognized: The right to strike is not specifically recognised in law. Three quarters of a union’s members must agree to a strike before it can go ahead. The government can ban any strike if it continues beyond 30 days (in which case it is referred to the Labour Court for adjudication), if it involves a public service covered by the Essential Services Ordinance or if it is considered a threat to the national interest. In this last case, the 1974 Special Powers Act can be used to detain trade unionists without charge. The government may ban strikes for renewable periods of three months. Sentences of up to 14 years’ forced labour can be passed for offences such as obstruction of transport. Strikes are not allowed in new establishments either owned by foreign investors or established as joint-ventures in collaboration with foreign investors for a period of three years from the date the establishment begins commercial production (Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union: Bangladesh, 2007). 2. 2. 4. Compulsory conciliation and court referral procedures: The labour law requires that parties to an industrial dispute must follow procedures (such as request conciliation, serve notice of a strike or lock-out, or refer the dispute to the Labour Court for settlement) within a specified period or the labour dispute will be considered legally terminated. The issue or subject of an industrial dispute which is terminated in this manner cannot be raised for a calendar year after such termination (Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union: Bangladesh, 2007). . 2. 5. Collective bargaining limited: Only registered unions can engage in collective bargaining, and each union must nominate representatives to a Collective Bargaining Authority committee, which is subject to approval by the Registrar of Trade Unions. The National Pay and Wages Commission, whose recommendations are binding, sets public sector workers’ pay levels and other benefits (Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union: B angladesh, 2007). 2. 2. 6. EPZ Law – significant restrictions continue: The EPZ Trade Union and Industrial Relations Bill 2004 provided for the formation of trade unions in EPZs from 1 November 2006. The ILO Committee on Freedom of Association recommended numerous amendments to the law to bring it into compliance with Conventions no. 87 and 98 which Bangladesh has ratified. The government of Bangladesh has fundamentally failed to take any appreciable steps to comply with the ILO CFA’s ruling. The law foresees the phased introduction of freedom of association, providing for a different type of workers’ organisation at each stage. However, the law does not go so far as to say that trade unions with full associational rights will be allowed to exist in EPZs after the last stage outlined, which will be after 1 November 2008 (Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union: Bangladesh, 2007). 2. 2. 6. Stage one – worker representation and welfare committees: Until the end of October, workers in Bangladesh’s EPZs were still operating under the first stage of the law. They were only allowed to set up Worker Representation and Welfare Committees (WRWC). The law requires all enterprises in the EPZ to have one WRWC, whose elected representatives have the power to negotiate and sign collective agreements on a limited set of topics but not to strike or organise demonstrations. However, workers and labour activists in Bangladesh reported that in 2006 employers generally refused to enter negotiations or sign an agreement with a WRWC. Under the law, all WRWCs were supposed to cease to exist on 31 October 2006, unless he employer gave an explicit agreement that the WRWC should continue (which they would in practice only do in the case of compliant WRWCs). (Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union: Bangladesh, 2007). 2. 2. 7. Stage two – workers’ associations: The second stage of the law provides that a trade union, referred to as a Workers’ Association (WA) in the law, can be organised provided over 30 per cent of the workforce reque sts that the association should be set up. More than 50 per cent of the workers in the factory must vote affirmatively for the WA to be formed. This was scheduled to start on 1 November 2006 but in practice there were significantly delays, notably because the Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Authority (BEPZA) did not provide the necessary forms for applying to set up WAs. In new enterprises that start operations after 1 November 2006, workers are not permitted to form an association for the first three months after the commencement of commercial activities. Only one federation can be formed per EPZ, and over 50 per cent of the registered WA in the zone must vote to affiliate before a federation can be formed. The BEPZA Executive Chairman also has almost unlimited authority to deregister a Workers’ Association, should he determine that the WA has committed an unfair practice, contravened any part of the WA’s own constitution, violated any aspect of the EPZ Law, or failed to submit a report to him. Essentially, the law has made illegal the right of workers to talk about unions in their workplaces or to engage in pressure tactics to persuade recalcitrant employers to sign a collective agreement. Finally, the law explicitly forbids any strikes in the EPZs until 31 October 2008. (Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union: Bangladesh, 2007). 2. 2. 8. Frequent bans on assembly: The law allows the government to ban any public gathering of more than four people, ostensibly only in cases where public order or public health are at risk. In fact, the government applied this banning power much more indiscriminately. (Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union: Bangladesh, 2007). 2. 2. 9. Labour appellate tribunal created: The new labour law created an avenue for all the judgements, awards and sentences of the Labour Court to be appealed to a Labour Appellate Tribunal. Previously all such appeals had to be taken up by the Supreme Court, resulting in significant delays in reaching a final legal verdict for labour cases (Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union: Bangladesh, 2007). 2. 3. Trade union rights in practice: The trade union movement is relatively weak in Bangladesh. This is partly owing to the multiplicity of trade unions and partly owing to the considerable intimidation imposed in practice, especially workers’ fear of losing their jobs should they show any sign of union activity. The right to freedom of association and to collective bargaining at the workplace is not respected in the garment sector or on the tea estates. Where unions do file applications for recognition, their registration is often delayed long beyond the 60 days foreseen by law. 2. 3. 1. Strike bans: The government makes regular use of the Essential Services Ordinance in order to ban strikes. The government’s use of this order was continuously applied over the past four years to the Power Development Board, the Dhaka Electric Supply Authority, the Chittagong Port Authority, Biman Airlines, and the Bangladesh Petroleum Corporation (Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union: Bangladesh, 2007). 2. 3. 2. Restrictions on bargaining and union meetings: Since 2003, the government has banned any collective bargaining in jute mills during production time. Only pro-government supporters are allowed to hold meetings during work time and unions not affiliated with the government’s labour grouping are not allowed to hold protests even on their day off (Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union: Bangladesh, 2007). 2. 3. 3. Employers take advantage of legal loopholes: Private sector workers are discouraged from undertaking any union activity. The Industrial Relations Ordinance gives considerable leeway for discrimination against union members and organisers by employers. Workers who try to create a trade union are not protected before registration and are therefore often persecuted by their employers, sometimes by violent means or with the help of the police. The names of workers who apply for union registration are frequently passed on to employers who promptly transfer or dismiss them, particularly in the textile sector. Even after registration, workers suspected of carrying out trade union activities are regularly harassed. One popular ploy is to dismiss a worker for misconduct, as they are then no longer entitled to become a trade union officer. A complaint to the Labour Court is of little use given the underlying corruption and serious backlog of cases which, in some instances, can stretch back more than several years (Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union: Bangladesh, 2007). 2. 3. 4. Export processing zones – anti-union employers: Employers in the EPZs have been consistently hostile towards trade unions, claiming that many of the companies would be ruined and jobs would be lost if they had to have unions. Some employers in the zones take advantage of the absence of trade unions to commit violations of international labour standards, such as sexual harassment, physical violence, unpaid overtime, child labour, non-compliance with minimum wage regulations and deplorable safety conditions. Despite protections for WRWC committee members provided by the EPZ Law, discrimination against leaders of active WRWCs was reported in 2006, and an undetermined yet significant number of these leaders and activist members have been terminated with permission from the BEPZA in processes that workers claimed were biased and unfair. Since there is no dispute resolution mechanism or tribunal for workers, except to appeal to the BEPZA, workers in the EPZs had few other options but to protest. After 1 November 2006, those factories with WRWCs turned their attention to frustrating efforts of the workers to form Workers Associations, again employing a series of tactics including harassment, intimidation, and termination of leaders (Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union: Bangladesh, 2007). 2. 3. 5. Failure to set up industrial dispute resolution mechanisms in EPZs: Although the EPZ law provides for the establishment of an EPZ Labour Tribunal and an EPZ Labour Appellate Tribunal, a full two years after the passage of the EPZ law, these two tribunals have yet to be established (Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union: Bangladesh, 2007). 2. 3. 6. Garment industry anti-union: Textile workers outside the zones fare no better. An estimated two million women workers toil for 3,300 employers to make clothes for export in Bangladesh. Workers are regularly sacked, beaten or subjected to false charges by the police for being active in unions. The General Secretary of the United Federation of Garment Workers (UGFW) has been arrested more than a dozen times. Meanwhile, the country’s garment workers are among the lowest paid in the world. They work long hours with very little leave, and face physical, verbal and sexual abuse (Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union: Bangladesh, 2007). 2. 3. 7. Employer negligence and government indifference kills hundreds of workers: Negligence by employers and the authorities have had appalling consequences that a strong, vigilant trade union could help to avoid. Based on its analysis of publicly available sources, the respected Bangladesh Institute for Labour Studies found that in 2006 there were 845 workers killed and 3018 injured by occupational accidents. The ready-made garment sector led the way in its toll on workers, with 141 killed, and 1578 hurt or maimed (Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union: Bangladesh, 2007). 2. 3. 8. Ship recycling industry effectively prohibits unions: The Bangladeshi ship recycling industry is based at Chittagong Port. Workers are employed on an as-needs basis, have no contracts and do not sign any documents which could link them to a specific yard. Thus workers have no legal recourse in the event of a dispute. Largely owing to the fear instilled in them – through violence and the precariousness of their employment situation workers have no way of standing up for their rights or even claiming their dues. Any claim would provoke instant dismissal. Unions are de facto forbidden on the sites and union organisers find it very difficult to gain access. Scenarios of Labor Relations in Bangladesh free essay sample In the context of Bangladesh, one can say that the country is not too poorly served by labour laws and their regulations on the employers. Trade union practices providing collective bargaining of workers with their employers are generally allowed in the industries and services here. Labour courts in Bangladesh promote and protect workers rights and enforce laws such as compensation to be paid to workers by employers for the breach of labour laws on their part. Bangladesh is a signatory nation associated to the International Labour Organisation (ILO) and remains committed on the whole to ILO policies. However, trade union practices in Bangladesh seem to be in existence in the countrys older industries and services with new ones-particularly the export oriented garments industries-remaining largely unserved by trade unions. But there are also powerful arguments in favour of such exemptions. The garments industries could never have come to their present number or employ the record number of workers as they do, if they were burdened by demands from workers and lost their competitiveness as a result. We will write a custom essay sample on Scenarios of Labor Relations in Bangladesh or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The example of the garments industries also demonstrates that it should be a prudent course for eligible workers in this country to first find employment in sectors like the garments industries than to restrict the flourishment of such emerging work opportunities by attempting to introduce trade unions in them too early in the day (The New Nation, 2004). It should be advantageous for workers to put less emphasis first on orthodox trade union practices and accept less regulation on the employers so that they feel encouraged to expand business activities. This should maximise employment creation which should go in the favour of unemployed workers when unemployment is a huge problem in Bangladesh. More employment and some income should be a better choice for the countrys workforce with its vast number of unemployed than no employment and no income from too much of trade unionism. Thus, there is a need for responsible trade unionism in the country if there exists a genuine interest among workers leaders to best advance the longer term interests of their followers. Of course, it is not meant that pressure for better looking after the welfare needs of workers ught not to be there when the new enterprises graduate into stronger entities and, thus, become able to smoothly accommodate reasonable demands from their workers (The New Nation, 2004). Many of the countrys garments industries, for instance, would not lose their competitiveness or experience any major reduction in their profits or the control over their workers by allowing the worke rs certain basic rights, such as a weekly holiday, casual leave, a bearable increase in their wages and safe conditions of work in the factories (The New Nation, 2004). From the governments side, the role expected most is imparting of training and education free of cost to workers. The same should increase their productivity and skills which would be invaluable assets in the work places. Governments in many countries play the desired role of training and educating as many workers as possible and look upon government spending on these areas as long term investment on economic growth. The Government in Bangladesh needs to adopt and pursue vigorously similar policies (The New Nation, 2004). . 2. Trade union rights in law: 2. 2. 1. Many restrictions: The Constitution provides for the right to form or join unions. There are many restrictions, however. Before a union can be registered, 30 per cent of workers in an enterprise have to be members and the union can be dissolved if its membership falls below this level. The ILO has informed the government that this is a clear barrier to freedom of association and recommended the law be amended, but that advice has been continuously ignored. Unions must have government approval to be registered, and no trade union action can be taken prior to registration. Unions can only be formed at the factory/establishment level, with some exceptions (such as private road transport, private inland river transport, tea, jute bailing, bidi production) where union formation can take place based on geographic area. There can be no more than three registered trade unions in any establishment. Membership in a union is restricted only to workers currently working at an establishment, meaning that severance from employment also results in the end of a worker’s membership in the union. Candidates for union office have to be current or former employees of an establishment or group of establishments. The Registrar of Trade Unions has wide powers to interfere in internal union affairs. He can enter union premises and inspect documents. The registrar may also cancel the registration of a union, with Labour Court approval (Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union: Bangladesh, 2007). . 2. 2. Exclusions from union membership: Under the Industrial Relations Ordinance (IRO), workers in the public sector and state enterprises may not belong to a trade union, with the exception of railway, postal and telecommunications workers. Members of the security forces are also denied the right to form unions. Teachers are also forbidden to form trade unions, in either the public or priva te sector. Managerial and administrative employees can form welfare associations, but they are denied the right to join a union (Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union: Bangladesh, 2007). . 2. 3. Right to strike not recognized: The right to strike is not specifically recognised in law. Three quarters of a union’s members must agree to a strike before it can go ahead. The government can ban any strike if it continues beyond 30 days (in which case it is referred to the Labour Court for adjudication), if it involves a public service covered by the Essential Services Ordinance or if it is considered a threat to the national interest. In this last case, the 1974 Special Powers Act can be used to detain trade unionists without charge. The government may ban strikes for renewable periods of three months. Sentences of up to 14 years’ forced labour can be passed for offences such as obstruction of transport. Strikes are not allowed in new establishments either owned by foreign investors or established as joint-ventures in collaboration with foreign investors for a period of three years from the date the establishment begins commercial production (Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union: Bangladesh, 2007). 2. 2. 4. Compulsory conciliation and court referral procedures: The labour law requires that parties to an industrial dispute must follow procedures (such as request conciliation, serve notice of a strike or lock-out, or refer the dispute to the Labour Court for settlement) within a specified period or the labour dispute will be considered legally terminated. The issue or subject of an industrial dispute which is terminated in this manner cannot be raised for a calendar year after such termination (Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union: Bangladesh, 2007). . 2. 5. Collective bargaining limited: Only registered unions can engage in collective bargaining, and each union must nominate representatives to a Collective Bargaining Authority committee, which is subject to approval by the Registrar of Trade Unions. The National Pay and Wages Commission, whose recommendations are binding, sets public sector workers’ pay levels and other benefits (Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union: B angladesh, 2007). 2. 2. 6. EPZ Law – significant restrictions continue: The EPZ Trade Union and Industrial Relations Bill 2004 provided for the formation of trade unions in EPZs from 1 November 2006. The ILO Committee on Freedom of Association recommended numerous amendments to the law to bring it into compliance with Conventions no. 87 and 98 which Bangladesh has ratified. The government of Bangladesh has fundamentally failed to take any appreciable steps to comply with the ILO CFA’s ruling. The law foresees the phased introduction of freedom of association, providing for a different type of workers’ organisation at each stage. However, the law does not go so far as to say that trade unions with full associational rights will be allowed to exist in EPZs after the last stage outlined, which will be after 1 November 2008 (Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union: Bangladesh, 2007). 2. 2. 6. Stage one – worker representation and welfare committees: Until the end of October, workers in Bangladesh’s EPZs were still operating under the first stage of the law. They were only allowed to set up Worker Representation and Welfare Committees (WRWC). The law requires all enterprises in the EPZ to have one WRWC, whose elected representatives have the power to negotiate and sign collective agreements on a limited set of topics but not to strike or organise demonstrations. However, workers and labour activists in Bangladesh reported that in 2006 employers generally refused to enter negotiations or sign an agreement with a WRWC. Under the law, all WRWCs were supposed to cease to exist on 31 October 2006, unless he employer gave an explicit agreement that the WRWC should continue (which they would in practice only do in the case of compliant WRWCs). (Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union: Bangladesh, 2007). 2. 2. 7. Stage two – workers’ associations: The second stage of the law provides that a trade union, referred to as a Workers’ Association (WA) in the law, can be organised provided over 30 per cent of the workforce reque sts that the association should be set up. More than 50 per cent of the workers in the factory must vote affirmatively for the WA to be formed. This was scheduled to start on 1 November 2006 but in practice there were significantly delays, notably because the Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Authority (BEPZA) did not provide the necessary forms for applying to set up WAs. In new enterprises that start operations after 1 November 2006, workers are not permitted to form an association for the first three months after the commencement of commercial activities. Only one federation can be formed per EPZ, and over 50 per cent of the registered WA in the zone must vote to affiliate before a federation can be formed. The BEPZA Executive Chairman also has almost unlimited authority to deregister a Workers’ Association, should he determine that the WA has committed an unfair practice, contravened any part of the WA’s own constitution, violated any aspect of the EPZ Law, or failed to submit a report to him. Essentially, the law has made illegal the right of workers to talk about unions in their workplaces or to engage in pressure tactics to persuade recalcitrant employers to sign a collective agreement. Finally, the law explicitly forbids any strikes in the EPZs until 31 October 2008. (Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union: Bangladesh, 2007). 2. 2. 8. Frequent bans on assembly: The law allows the government to ban any public gathering of more than four people, ostensibly only in cases where public order or public health are at risk. In fact, the government applied this banning power much more indiscriminately. (Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union: Bangladesh, 2007). 2. 2. 9. Labour appellate tribunal created: The new labour law created an avenue for all the judgements, awards and sentences of the Labour Court to be appealed to a Labour Appellate Tribunal. Previously all such appeals had to be taken up by the Supreme Court, resulting in significant delays in reaching a final legal verdict for labour cases (Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union: Bangladesh, 2007). 2. 3. Trade union rights in practice: The trade union movement is relatively weak in Bangladesh. This is partly owing to the multiplicity of trade unions and partly owing to the considerable intimidation imposed in practice, especially workers’ fear of losing their jobs should they show any sign of union activity. The right to freedom of association and to collective bargaining at the workplace is not respected in the garment sector or on the tea estates. Where unions do file applications for recognition, their registration is often delayed long beyond the 60 days foreseen by law. 2. 3. 1. Strike bans: The government makes regular use of the Essential Services Ordinance in order to ban strikes. The government’s use of this order was continuously applied over the past four years to the Power Development Board, the Dhaka Electric Supply Authority, the Chittagong Port Authority, Biman Airlines, and the Bangladesh Petroleum Corporation (Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union: Bangladesh, 2007). 2. 3. 2. Restrictions on bargaining and union meetings: Since 2003, the government has banned any collective bargaining in jute mills during production time. Only pro-government supporters are allowed to hold meetings during work time and unions not affiliated with the government’s labour grouping are not allowed to hold protests even on their day off (Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union: Bangladesh, 2007). 2. 3. 3. Employers take advantage of legal loopholes: Private sector workers are discouraged from undertaking any union activity. The Industrial Relations Ordinance gives considerable leeway for discrimination against union members and organisers by employers. Workers who try to create a trade union are not protected before registration and are therefore often persecuted by their employers, sometimes by violent means or with the help of the police. The names of workers who apply for union registration are frequently passed on to employers who promptly transfer or dismiss them, particularly in the textile sector. Even after registration, workers suspected of carrying out trade union activities are regularly harassed. One popular ploy is to dismiss a worker for misconduct, as they are then no longer entitled to become a trade union officer. A complaint to the Labour Court is of little use given the underlying corruption and serious backlog of cases which, in some instances, can stretch back more than several years (Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union: Bangladesh, 2007). 2. 3. 4. Export processing zones – anti-union employers: Employers in the EPZs have been consistently hostile towards trade unions, claiming that many of the companies would be ruined and jobs would be lost if they had to have unions. Some employers in the zones take advantage of the absence of trade unions to commit violations of international labour standards, such as sexual harassment, physical violence, unpaid overtime, child labour, non-compliance with minimum wage regulations and deplorable safety conditions. Despite protections for WRWC committee members provided by the EPZ Law, discrimination against leaders of active WRWCs was reported in 2006, and an undetermined yet significant number of these leaders and activist members have been terminated with permission from the BEPZA in processes that workers claimed were biased and unfair. Since there is no dispute resolution mechanism or tribunal for workers, except to appeal to the BEPZA, workers in the EPZs had few other options but to protest. After 1 November 2006, those factories with WRWCs turned their attention to frustrating efforts of the workers to form Workers Associations, again employing a series of tactics including harassment, intimidation, and termination of leaders (Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union: Bangladesh, 2007). 2. 3. 5. Failure to set up industrial dispute resolution mechanisms in EPZs: Although the EPZ law provides for the establishment of an EPZ Labour Tribunal and an EPZ Labour Appellate Tribunal, a full two years after the passage of the EPZ law, these two tribunals have yet to be established (Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union: Bangladesh, 2007). 2. 3. 6. Garment industry anti-union: Textile workers outside the zones fare no better. An estimated two million women workers toil for 3,300 employers to make clothes for export in Bangladesh. Workers are regularly sacked, beaten or subjected to false charges by the police for being active in unions. The General Secretary of the United Federation of Garment Workers (UGFW) has been arrested more than a dozen times. Meanwhile, the country’s garment workers are among the lowest paid in the world. They work long hours with very little leave, and face physical, verbal and sexual abuse (Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union: Bangladesh, 2007). 2. 3. 7. Employer negligence and government indifference kills hundreds of workers: Negligence by employers and the authorities have had appalling consequences that a strong, vigilant trade union could help to avoid. Based on its analysis of publicly available sources, the respected Bangladesh Institute for Labour Studies found that in 2006 there were 845 workers killed and 3018 injured by occupational accidents. The ready-made garment sector led the way in its toll on workers, with 141 killed, and 1578 hurt or maimed (Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union: Bangladesh, 2007). 2. 3. 8. Ship recycling industry effectively prohibits unions: The Bangladeshi ship recycling industry is based at Chittagong Port. Workers are employed on an as-needs basis, have no contracts and do not sign any documents which could link them to a specific yard. Thus workers have no legal recourse in the event of a dispute. Largely owing to the fear instilled in them – through violence and the precariousness of their employment situation workers have no way of standing up for their rights or even claiming their dues. Any claim would provoke instant dismissal. Unions are de facto forbidden on the sites and union organisers find it very difficult to gain access (Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union: Bangladesh, 2007).